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维基百科

仙台病毒

十二月 02, 2023

仙台病毒（Sendai virus，簡稱SeV）又稱鼠呼吸道病毒（murine respirovirus）、鼠副流感病毒一型（murine parainfluenza virus type 1）與日本凝血性病毒（hemagglutinating virus of Japan，HVJ），為副黏液病毒科呼吸道病毒屬的一種病毒[2][3]，屬負鏈單股RNA病毒（英语：Negative-strand RNA virus）[4][5]，以鼠類為宿主[6]（也有感染狨的紀錄）[7]，不會感染人類與家畜。此病毒於1950年代在日本仙台市被發現，後來被用做病毒學研究的一種模式病毒。

仙台病毒
病毒分類
–未分级–： 病毒 Virus
域： 核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界： 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门： 負核糖病毒門 Negarnaviricota
纲： 單荊病毒綱 Monjiviricetes
目： 單股反鏈病毒目 Mononegavirales
科： 副黏液病毒科 Paramyxoviridae
属： 呼吸道病毒屬 Respirovirus
种： 仙台病毒 Murine respirovirus
異名
  • Sendai virus[1]

病毒學 编辑

 
仙台病毒結構示意圖

仙台病毒具有包膜，包膜上具有血凝素-神經胺酸酶（英语：Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase）（HN）蛋白與融合蛋白（fusion protein，FN），前者兼具血球凝集素與神經胺酸酶的活性，可與宿主細胞結合並水解其表面的唾液酸以幫助感染[8][9]；後者也是病毒感染宿主細胞所需的醣蛋白[10]。包膜內側的基質蛋白（M）有穩定包膜結構的功能[11]。病毒的核殼由基因組RNA與核殼蛋白（NP）[12]、磷蛋白（P）[13]、大蛋白（L）[14]及C蛋白組成[15]，其中大蛋白為病毒RNA複製酶的活性亞基，磷蛋白亦為RNA複製酶的組成部分。

基因組 编辑

 
仙台病毒的基因組與表現的的蛋白

仙台病毒的基因組為不分段的負鏈單股RNA，長約15,384nt，5′非轉譯區與3′非轉譯區分別長約50nt[5][16]，共有6個編碼蛋白的基因，分別編碼核殼蛋白（NP）、磷蛋白（P）、基質蛋白（M）、融合蛋白（F）、血凝素-神經胺酸酶（HN）與大蛋白（L），基因排序為3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′[5][16]。

編碼P蛋白的基因可以不同的開放閱讀框編碼其他蛋白質[5][17]，此基因有5個起始密碼子，除編碼P蛋白外另外4個起始密碼子可編碼C、C'、Y1與Y2等4種蛋白（其中P、C、C'蛋白的開放閱讀框不同是渗漏扫描所致，Y1與Y2蛋白則是在轉譯起始時發生核糖體分流[18][19]）[17][20][21]，此外P蛋白的信使核糖核酸轉錄時可能經RNA編輯而加入1或2個G而分別產生V蛋白與W蛋白[22]，且其mRNA的末端可獨立轉譯出另一X蛋白[23]。這些由P蛋白基因衍生的蛋白皆為非結構蛋白，有協助感染宿主細胞、抑制宿主免疫反應等功能[22]，其中C蛋白會少量表現於病毒的核殼上[15][24]。

應用 编辑

仙台病毒感染會使真核細胞融合成合胞體，因而被用於杂交瘤技术（英语：Hybridoma technology）以量產單株抗體[25]。另外仙台病毒還在細胞實驗中被用作載體，將目標基因轉至細胞中，已被用於細胞螢光染色[26]、製造誘導性多能幹細胞（iPSC）[27][28]與CRISPR[29]等技術，也可用於製作疫苗，目前已有研究團隊開發針對副流感病毒一型（英语：Human parainfluenza virus 1）（HPV1）[30][31]、人類免疫缺乏病毒[32]、人類呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）[33][34]、結核病[35][36]與SARS-CoV-2（復旦大學團隊）[37]的仙台病毒載體疫苗。

研究歷史 编辑

1952年，仙台市東北大學的研究人員M. Kuroya與石田名香雄（日语：石田名香雄）嘗試從一名患肺炎逝世的嬰兒肺樣本中分離病原，將分離的病原轉至小鼠中[38][39]。但1954年國立保健醫療科學院（日语：國立保健醫療科學院）的學者提出另一假說，認為實驗中使用的小鼠可能原本即感染病毒，而非來自病人樣本，並將此病毒分離、命名為仙台病毒[40]，此理論後來受到許多實驗結果支持[5]，因此歷史緣由，仙台病毒曾一度被認為是感染人類的病毒[41][42]。另外因1950年代日本豬流感疫情中，許多豬隻體內被發現有抗仙台病毒的抗體，過去還認為仙台病毒可感染豬，但後續研究顯示這些豬隻應為被豬副流感病毒（porcine parainfluenza）等其他類似病毒感染[30][41][43]。

參考文獻 编辑

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十二月 02, 2023
仙台病毒, sendai, virus, 簡稱sev, 又稱鼠呼吸道病毒, murine, respirovirus, 鼠副流感病毒一型, murine, parainfluenza, virus, type, 與日本凝血性病毒, hemagglutinating, virus, japan, 為副黏液病毒科呼吸道病毒屬的一種病毒, 屬負鏈單股rna病毒, 英语, negative, strand, virus, 以鼠類為宿主, 也有感染狨的紀錄, 不會感染人類與家畜, 此病毒於1950年代在日本仙台市被發現, 後. 仙台病毒 Sendai virus 簡稱SeV 又稱鼠呼吸道病毒 murine respirovirus 鼠副流感病毒一型 murine parainfluenza virus type 1 與日本凝血性病毒 hemagglutinating virus of Japan HVJ 為副黏液病毒科呼吸道病毒屬的一種病毒 2 3 屬負鏈單股RNA病毒 英语 Negative strand RNA virus 4 5 以鼠類為宿主 6 也有感染狨的紀錄 7 不會感染人類與家畜 此病毒於1950年代在日本仙台市被發現 後來被用做病毒學研究的一種模式病毒 仙台病毒病毒分類 未分级 病毒 Virus域 核糖病毒域 Riboviria界 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae门 負核糖病毒門 Negarnaviricota纲 單荊病毒綱 Monjiviricetes目 單股反鏈病毒目 Mononegavirales科 副黏液病毒科 Paramyxoviridae属 呼吸道病毒屬 Respirovirus种 仙台病毒 Murine respirovirus異名Sendai virus 1 目录 1 病毒學 1 1 基因組 2 應用 3 研究歷史 4 參考文獻病毒學 编辑 nbsp 仙台病毒結構示意圖仙台病毒具有包膜 包膜上具有血凝素 神經胺酸酶 英语 Hemagglutinin neuraminidase HN 蛋白與融合蛋白 fusion protein FN 前者兼具血球凝集素與神經胺酸酶的活性 可與宿主細胞結合並水解其表面的唾液酸以幫助感染 8 9 後者也是病毒感染宿主細胞所需的醣蛋白 10 包膜內側的基質蛋白 M 有穩定包膜結構的功能 11 病毒的核殼由基因組RNA與核殼蛋白 NP 12 磷蛋白 P 13 大蛋白 L 14 及C蛋白組成 15 其中大蛋白為病毒RNA複製酶的活性亞基 磷蛋白亦為RNA複製酶的組成部分 基因組 编辑 nbsp 仙台病毒的基因組與表現的的蛋白仙台病毒的基因組為不分段的負鏈單股RNA 長約15 384nt 5 非轉譯區與3 非轉譯區分別長約50nt 5 16 共有6個編碼蛋白的基因 分別編碼核殼蛋白 NP 磷蛋白 P 基質蛋白 M 融合蛋白 F 血凝素 神經胺酸酶 HN 與大蛋白 L 基因排序為3 NP P M F HN L 5 5 16 編碼P蛋白的基因可以不同的開放閱讀框編碼其他蛋白質 5 17 此基因有5個起始密碼子 除編碼P蛋白外另外4個起始密碼子可編碼C C Y1與Y2等4種蛋白 其中P C C 蛋白的開放閱讀框不同是渗漏扫描所致 Y1與Y2蛋白則是在轉譯起始時發生核糖體分流 18 19 17 20 21 此外P蛋白的信使核糖核酸轉錄時可能經RNA編輯而加入1或2個G而分別產生V蛋白與W蛋白 22 且其mRNA的末端可獨立轉譯出另一X蛋白 23 這些由P蛋白基因衍生的蛋白皆為非結構蛋白 有協助感染宿主細胞 抑制宿主免疫反應等功能 22 其中C蛋白會少量表現於病毒的核殼上 15 24 應用 编辑仙台病毒感染會使真核細胞融合成合胞體 因而被用於杂交瘤技术 英语 Hybridoma technology 以量產單株抗體 25 另外仙台病毒還在細胞實驗中被用作載體 將目標基因轉至細胞中 已被用於細胞螢光染色 26 製造誘導性多能幹細胞 iPSC 27 28 與CRISPR 29 等技術 也可用於製作疫苗 目前已有研究團隊開發針對副流感病毒一型 英语 Human parainfluenza virus 1 HPV1 30 31 人類免疫缺乏病毒 32 人類呼吸道合胞病毒 RSV 33 34 結核病 35 36 與SARS CoV 2 復旦大學團隊 37 的仙台病毒載體疫苗 研究歷史 编辑1952年 仙台市東北大學的研究人員M Kuroya與石田名香雄 日语 石田名香雄 嘗試從一名患肺炎逝世的嬰兒肺樣本中分離病原 將分離的病原轉至小鼠中 38 39 但1954年國立保健醫療科學院 日语 國立保健醫療科學院 的學者提出另一假說 認為實驗中使用的小鼠可能原本即感染病毒 而非來自病人樣本 並將此病毒分離 命名為仙台病毒 40 此理論後來受到許多實驗結果支持 5 因此歷史緣由 仙台病毒曾一度被認為是感染人類的病毒 41 42 另外因1950年代日本豬流感疫情中 許多豬隻體內被發現有抗仙台病毒的抗體 過去還認為仙台病毒可感染豬 但後續研究顯示這些豬隻應為被豬副流感病毒 porcine parainfluenza 等其他類似病毒感染 30 41 43 參考文獻 编辑 Walker Peter Implementation of taxon wide non Latinized binomial species names in the family Rhabdoviridae PDF International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV 7 2015 06 15 2019 02 06 原始内容 PDF 存档于2021 12 04 Taxonomy Respirovirus UniProt 2021 12 04 原始内容存档于2022 04 17 Respirovirus ViralZone 2021 12 04 原始内容存档于2022 02 09 Paramyxoviridae UniProt 2021 12 04 原始内容存档于2022 04 17 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 Faisca P Desmecht D Sendai virus the mouse parainfluenza type 1 a longstanding pathogen that remains up to date Research in Veterinary Science February 2007 82 1 115 25 PMID 16759680 doi 10 1016 j rvsc 2006 03 009 MacLachlan N James Dubovi Edward J 编 Chapter 17 Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae Fenner s Veterinary Virology Fifth Academic Press 2017 327 356 ISBN 9780128009468 S2CID 214757272 doi 10 1016 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26512881 S2CID 27197590 doi 10 1586 14760584 2016 1105747 Russell CJ Hurwitz JL Sendai virus as a backbone for vaccines against RSV and other human paramyxoviruses Expert Review of Vaccines 2015 12 09 15 2 189 200 PMC 4957581 nbsp PMID 26648515 doi 10 1586 14760584 2016 1114418 Jones BG Sealy RE Rudraraju R Traina Dorge VL Finneyfrock B Cook A et al Sendai virus based RSV vaccine protects African green monkeys from RSV infection Vaccine January 2012 30 5 959 68 PMC 3256274 nbsp PMID 22119594 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2011 11 046 Hu Z Wong KW Zhao HM Wen HL Ji P Ma H et al Sendai Virus Mucosal Vaccination Establishes Lung Resident Memory CD8T Cell Immunity and Boosts BCG Primed Protection against TB in Mice Molecular Therapy May 2017 25 5 1222 1233 PMC 5417795 nbsp PMID 28342639 doi 10 1016 j ymthe 2017 02 018 Hu Z Jiang W Gu L Qiao D Shu T Lowrie DB et al Heterologous prime boost vaccination against tuberculosis with recombinant Sendai virus and DNA vaccines Journal of Molecular Medicine December 2019 97 12 1685 1694 PMID 31786669 S2CID 208359634 doi 10 1007 s00109 019 01844 3 nbsp Carey Karen Increasing number of biopharma drugs target COVID 19 as virus spreads BioWorld 2020 03 05 2021 12 04 原始内容存档于2020 02 27 Kuroya M Ishida N Newborn virus pneumonitis type Sendai II The isolation of a new virus possessing hemagglutinin activity Yokohama Medical Bulletin August 1953 4 4 217 33 PMID 13137076 Kuroya M Ishida N Shiratori T Newborn virus pneumonitis type Sendai II The isolation of a new virus The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine June 1953 58 1 62 PMID 13102529 doi 10 1620 tjem 58 62 nbsp Fukumi H Nishikawa F Kitayama T A pneumotropic virus from mice causing hemagglutination Japanese Journal of Medical Science amp Biology August 1954 7 4 345 63 PMID 13232830 doi 10 7883 yoken1952 7 345 nbsp 41 0 41 1 Ishida N Homma M Sendai virus Advances in Virus Research 1978 23 349 83 ISBN 9780120398232 PMID 219669 doi 10 1016 S0065 3527 08 60103 7 Sendai virus infectious agent Encyclopedia Britannica 2019 08 26 原始内容存档于2021 12 04 Lau SK Woo PC Wu Y Wong AY Wong BH Lau CC et al Identification and characterization of a novel paramyxovirus porcine parainfluenza virus 1 from deceased pigs The Journal of General Virology October 2013 94 Pt 10 2184 90 PMID 23918408 doi 10 1099 vir 0 052985 0 nbsp 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 仙台病毒 amp oldid 78340026, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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