主体性

主体性（英語：Subjectivity），又译主观性，在哲學語境中與意識、能動性、人格、心靈哲學、現實和真理的觀念有關。

定义

由於主觀性通常不是哲學話語的焦點，因此不同的來源給出了各種模糊的定義。^[1] 然而，它與意識、能動性、人格、心靈哲學、現實和真理的觀念有關。三個常見的定義包括主觀性是以下各項的品質或條件：

• 某物是一個主體，狹義是指擁有有意識體驗的個人和個體，例如觀點、感覺、信念和慾望。^[2]
• 作為主體的事物，廣義上是指具有能動性的實體，這意味著它對其他實體（客體）起作用或對其行使權力。^[3]
• 某些資訊、想法、情境（英語：situation）或物質性（英語：physical）事物從一個或多個主體的角度被確認為是真實的。^[4]

主觀性的不同定義經常一起使用並互換使用。^[1] 該術語最常用於解釋影響、告知和偏向人們對真相或現實的判斷的因素；它是對特定主題的外部現象的看法、經驗、期望、個人或文化性理解和信念的集合。^[4]

主體性或主觀性的核心在於獨特的自我定位行為。在這裡，每一個主體都是一個絕對自主的點，所以它不能被簡化為因果網絡中的一個時刻。^[5]

延伸阅读

• [俄]伊万诺娃，《哲学知识的主观性问题》

• Beiser, Frederick C. (2002). German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801. Harvard University Press.
• Block, Ned; Flanagan, Owen J.; & Gzeldere, Gven (Eds.) The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52210-6
• Bowie, Andrew (1990). Aesthetics and Subjectivity : From Kant to Nietzsche. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Dallmayr, Winfried Reinhard (1981). Twilight of Subjectivity: Contributions to a Post-Individualist Theory Politics. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
• Ellis, C. & Flaherty, M. (1992). Investigating Subjectivity: Research on Lived Experience. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN 978-0-8039-4496-1
• Farrell, Frank B. (1994). Subjectivity, Realism, and Postmodernism: The Recovery of the World in Recent Philosophy. Cambridge - New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Gaukroger, Stephen. (2012). Objectivity. Oxford University Press.
• Johnson, Daniel. . Quodlibet Journal. July 2003, 5 (2–3) [2023-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-24）. 
• Lauer, Quentin (1958). The Triumph of Subjectivity: An Introduction to Transcendental Phenomenology. Fordham University Press.

相关主题

• 客观性
• 能动性

参考文献

1. Bykova, Marina F. (February 2018). "On the Problem of Subjectivity: Editor's Introduction". Russian Studies in Philosophy. 56: 1-5 - via EBSCOhost.
2. Solomon, Robert C. "Subjectivity," in Honderich, Ted. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2005), p.900.
3. Allen, Amy. Power, Subjectivity, and Agency: Between Arendt and Foucault. International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 2002, 10 (2): 131–49. S2CID 144541333. doi:10.1080/09672550210121432. 
4. Gonzalez Rey, Fernando. Subjectivity in Debate: Some Psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. June 2019, 49: 212–234 –通过EBCOhost. 
5. Slavoj Žižek. The Fall That Makes Us Like God, Part I. The Philosophical Salon. 2019-09-23. The innermost core of subjectivity resides in a unique act of what Fichte baptized “self-positing.” Here, each subject is a point of absolute autonomy, which means that it cannot be reduce to a moment in the network of causes and effects.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） . [2021-12-30]. 原始内容存档于2019-09-25.