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维基百科

世界體系理論

世界體系理論(英語:world-systems theory[1],是由萨米尔·阿明阿銳基安德烈·冈德·弗兰克伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦等人創建的後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論,應用於全球史社会变迁。該理論強調將世界體系英语world-system(而非民族國家)作為主要(但不是唯一的)的社會分析英语social analysis單元。[1]

20世紀後期国际贸易地位的世界地圖,依照世界體系劃分為核心經濟(藍)、半邊陲經濟(黃)和邊陲經濟(紅)。依據Dunn, Kawana, Brewer (2000)繪製。

「世界體系」是指跨區域和跨國的勞動分工,它將世界分成了核心經濟、半邊陲經濟和邊陲經濟[2]核心經濟專注於高科技、资本密集型的生產,而世界的其餘部分則要進行低技術、勞動密集型生產以及原材料的開採。[3]這一體系時刻都在強化核心國家的支配地位。[3]然而,該體系也有動態性,部分是由於运输方式的變革,以及單個國家可能會獲得/失去其核心/半邊緣/邊緣的地位。[3]這種結構是由勞動分工統一起來的。它是植根於资本主义經濟的世界經濟。[4]在一段時間內,某些國家成為世界霸權;在過去的幾個世紀裏,隨着世界體系在地理上擴展、經濟上強化,霸主的地位從荷蘭轉移到了英國,最近又轉移到了美國。美国[3]

緣起 编辑

世界體系理論發跡於20世紀70年代。[1]其理論基礎主要在社会学,但已發展成為非常跨學科的理論。[2]世界體系理論試圖取代現代化理論的地位,華勒斯坦對現代化理論的批判主要有以下三點:[2]

  1. 它以民族國家作為唯一的分析單元英语unit of analysis
  2. 它假定所有國家只有同一條發展路徑
  3. 它無視限制了地方和國家發展的跨國結構。

該理論有三個主要的來源:年鑑學派马克思主义傳統,以及依附理論[2][5]其中,年鑑學派传统(尤其是費爾南·布勞岱爾)对華勒斯坦在於將長時期的過程和將地理-生態區域作為分析單元英语unit of analysis马克思主义增加了對社會衝突英语social conflict的強調,關注資本積累英语capital accumulation過程和競爭性的阶级斗争,關注相關的總體,社會形態的短暫性以及矛盾衝突的辯證運動。而依附理論是一套對發展過程的新馬克思主義解釋。

傳統馬克思主義中也有對帝國主義的探討,列寧在其名著《帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段》中首開其端。世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧。

其他對世界體系理論產生影響的有卡尔·波兰尼尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫[6]约瑟夫·熊彼特等學者(特別是他們對商業週期和三種基本經濟組織模式概念的研究:互惠模式、再分配模式和市場模式,華勒斯坦將其重新定義為對微型系統、世界帝國和世界經濟的討論)。

華勒斯坦認為,資本主義世界經濟的發展對世界上很大一部分人口是有害的。[7]他認為,20世紀70年代以來的時期是一個「過渡時代」,它將讓位於一個(或多個)未來的世界體系,其結構無法預先確定。[8]

世界體系的主要思想家有奥利弗·考克斯英语Oliver Cox萨米尔·阿明阿銳基安德烈·岡德·法蘭克,以及伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦,其他主要貢獻者有克里斯托弗·蔡斯-邓恩英语Christopher Chase-Dunn贝弗里·西尔弗英语Beverly Silver珍妮特·阿布-卢格霍德英语Janet Abu Lughod李民骐库尼伯特·拉弗英语Kunibert Raffer等人。[2]

内容 编辑

華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手。「核心」係指已開發的工業化地區、政治集團,「邊陲」指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家,「半邊陲」是一方面支配某些邊陲國,另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的中小國家。透過市場機制,邊陲受到中心的剝削。這是世界體系的空間劃分。華勒斯坦如是說:

世界體系是一個社會體系,它有其邊界、結構、成員團體、合法性規則及凝聚性。它的生命由各種相衝突的力量構成,它們以張力聚合之,又隨著各團體試圖為己重塑這套體系而拆解之。它具有有機體的特徵,因為在其生命期中有些特徵在某些方面改變了,而在另一些方面則保持穩定。人們可以按照它功能的內在邏輯,定義其結構在不同時間的強或弱。[9]

至於時間向度,華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色:週期節律代表經濟的短期波動,華勒斯坦基於康德拉季耶夫長波理論,指出資本主義具有約40-50年的擴張-收縮週期,而中心、邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整。長期趨勢一如其名,代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向。矛盾是系統內的一般爭議,通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨。最後一個特色是危機,這也代表該系統的終結。

參見 编辑

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In World System History, ed. George Modelski, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Barfield, Thomas (编). The dictionary of anthropology. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998: 498–499 [2016-03-15]. ISBN 1-57718-057-7. (原始内容于2021-07-26). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Frank Lechner, Globalization theories: World-System Theory 互联网档案馆的,存档日期2013-04-29., 2001
  4. ^ Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice. World-systems analysis: An introduction . Duke University Press. 2004: 23–24. 
  5. ^ Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, World Systems Theory 互联网档案馆的,存档日期2009-07-11., paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems 互联网档案馆的,存档日期2018-06-19., November 2003
  6. ^ Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective. Kondratieff Waves. Dimensions and Perspectives at the Dawn of the 21st Century 互联网档案馆的,存档日期2014-04-29. / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin, Tessaleno C. Devezas, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Volgograd: Uchitel, 2012. P. 23–64.
  7. ^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (1983). Historical Capitalism. London: Verso.
  8. ^ Hopkins, Terence K., and Immanuel Wallerstein, coordinators (1996). The Age of Transition. London: Zed Books.
  9. ^ Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) the Modern World-System, New York, Academic Press, pp. 347-57."a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage. It has the characteristics of an organism, in that it has a life-span over which its characteristics change in some respects and remain stable in others. One can define its structures as being at different times strong or weak in terms of the internal logic of its functioninɡ"

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世界體系理論, 英語, world, systems, theory, 是由萨米尔, 阿明, 阿銳基, 安德烈, 冈德, 弗兰克與伊曼纽尔, 沃勒斯坦等人創建的後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論, 應用於全球史和社会变迁, 該理論強調將世界體系, 英语, world, system, 而非民族國家, 作為主要, 但不是唯一的, 的社會分析, 英语, social, analysis, 單元, 20世紀後期国际贸易地位的世界地圖, 依照世界體系劃分為核心經濟, 半邊陲經濟, 和邊陲經濟, 依據dunn, kawana. 世界體系理論 英語 world systems theory 1 是由萨米尔 阿明 阿銳基 安德烈 冈德 弗兰克與伊曼纽尔 沃勒斯坦等人創建的後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論 應用於全球史和社会变迁 該理論強調將世界體系 英语 world system 而非民族國家 作為主要 但不是唯一的 的社會分析 英语 social analysis 單元 1 20世紀後期国际贸易地位的世界地圖 依照世界體系劃分為核心經濟 藍 半邊陲經濟 黃 和邊陲經濟 紅 依據Dunn Kawana Brewer 2000 繪製 世界體系 是指跨區域和跨國的勞動分工 它將世界分成了核心經濟 半邊陲經濟和邊陲經濟 2 核心經濟專注於高科技 资本密集型的生產 而世界的其餘部分則要進行低技術 勞動密集型生產以及原材料的開採 3 這一體系時刻都在強化核心國家的支配地位 3 然而 該體系也有動態性 部分是由於运输方式的變革 以及單個國家可能會獲得 失去其核心 半邊緣 邊緣的地位 3 這種結構是由勞動分工統一起來的 它是植根於资本主义經濟的世界經濟 4 在一段時間內 某些國家成為世界霸權 在過去的幾個世紀裏 隨着世界體系在地理上擴展 經濟上強化 霸主的地位從荷蘭轉移到了英國 最近又轉移到了美國 美国 3 目录 1 緣起 2 内容 3 參見 4 参考文献 5 相關文獻緣起 编辑世界體系理論發跡於20世紀70年代 1 其理論基礎主要在社会学 但已發展成為非常跨學科的理論 2 世界體系理論試圖取代現代化理論的地位 華勒斯坦對現代化理論的批判主要有以下三點 2 它以民族國家作為唯一的分析單元 英语 unit of analysis 它假定所有國家只有同一條發展路徑 它無視限制了地方和國家發展的跨國結構 該理論有三個主要的來源 年鑑學派 马克思主义傳統 以及依附理論 2 5 其中 年鑑學派传统 尤其是費爾南 布勞岱爾 对華勒斯坦在於將長時期的過程和將地理 生態區域作為分析單元 英语 unit of analysis 马克思主义增加了對社會衝突 英语 social conflict 的強調 關注資本積累 英语 capital accumulation 過程和競爭性的阶级斗争 關注相關的總體 社會形態的短暫性以及矛盾衝突的辯證運動 而依附理論是一套對發展過程的新馬克思主義解釋 傳統馬克思主義中也有對帝國主義的探討 列寧在其名著 帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段 中首開其端 世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧 其他對世界體系理論產生影響的有卡尔 波兰尼 尼古拉 康德拉季耶夫 6 和约瑟夫 熊彼特等學者 特別是他們對商業週期和三種基本經濟組織模式概念的研究 互惠模式 再分配模式和市場模式 華勒斯坦將其重新定義為對微型系統 世界帝國和世界經濟的討論 華勒斯坦認為 資本主義世界經濟的發展對世界上很大一部分人口是有害的 7 他認為 20世紀70年代以來的時期是一個 過渡時代 它將讓位於一個 或多個 未來的世界體系 其結構無法預先確定 8 世界體系的主要思想家有奥利弗 考克斯 英语 Oliver Cox 萨米尔 阿明 阿銳基 安德烈 岡德 法蘭克 以及伊曼纽尔 沃勒斯坦 其他主要貢獻者有克里斯托弗 蔡斯 邓恩 英语 Christopher Chase Dunn 贝弗里 西尔弗 英语 Beverly Silver 珍妮特 阿布 卢格霍德 英语 Janet Abu Lughod 李民骐 库尼伯特 拉弗 英语 Kunibert Raffer 等人 2 内容 编辑華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手 核心 係指已開發的工業化地區 政治集團 邊陲 指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家 半邊陲 是一方面支配某些邊陲國 另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的中小國家 透過市場機制 邊陲受到中心的剝削 這是世界體系的空間劃分 華勒斯坦如是說 世界體系是一個社會體系 它有其邊界 結構 成員團體 合法性規則及凝聚性 它的生命由各種相衝突的力量構成 它們以張力聚合之 又隨著各團體試圖為己重塑這套體系而拆解之 它具有有機體的特徵 因為在其生命期中有些特徵在某些方面改變了 而在另一些方面則保持穩定 人們可以按照它功能的內在邏輯 定義其結構在不同時間的強或弱 9 至於時間向度 華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色 週期節律代表經濟的短期波動 華勒斯坦基於康德拉季耶夫的長波理論 指出資本主義具有約40 50年的擴張 收縮週期 而中心 邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整 長期趨勢一如其名 代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向 矛盾是系統內的一般爭議 通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨 最後一個特色是危機 這也代表該系統的終結 參見 编辑大歷史 依附理论 国际政治经济学 結構主義經濟學 第三空间理论 英语 Third Space Theory 第三场所 英语 Third place 混杂性 英语 Hybridity 后殖民主义 一般系統理論 中世纪伊斯兰教地理学和制图学 英语 Geography and cartography in medieval Islam 全球化 國際關係理論 周期列表 英语 List of cycles 社会周期论 英语 Social cycle theory 社会控制论 英语 Sociocybernetics 系统哲学 英语 Systems philosophy 系統思維 战争周期 英语 War cycles 等级理论 英语 Hierarchy theory 参考文献 编辑 1 0 1 1 1 2 Immanuel Wallerstein 2004 World systems Analysis In World System History ed George Modelski in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems EOLSS Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO Eolss Publishers Oxford UK 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 Barfield Thomas 编 The dictionary of anthropology Wiley Blackwell 1998 498 499 2016 03 15 ISBN 1 57718 057 7 原始内容存档于2021 07 26 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 Frank Lechner Globalization theories World System Theory 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2013 04 29 2001 Wallerstein Immanuel Maurice World systems analysis An introduction nbsp Duke University Press 2004 23 24 Carlos A Martinez Vela World Systems Theory 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2009 07 11 paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2018 06 19 November 2003 Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective Kondratieff Waves Dimensions and Perspectives at the Dawn of the 21st Century 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2014 04 29 Ed by Leonid E Grinin Tessaleno C Devezas and Andrey V Korotayev Volgograd Uchitel 2012 P 23 64 Wallerstein Immanuel 1983 Historical Capitalism London Verso Hopkins Terence K and Immanuel Wallerstein coordinators 1996 The Age of Transition London Zed Books Immanuel Wallerstein 1974 the Modern World System New York Academic Press pp 347 57 a social system one that has boundaries structures member groups rules of legitimation and coherence Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage It has the characteristics of an organism in that it has a life span over which its characteristics change in some respects and remain stable in others One can define its structures as being at different times strong or weak in terms of the internal logic of its functioninɡ 相關文獻 编辑Amin S 1973 Le developpement inegal Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique Paris Editions de Minuit Amin S 1976 Unequal Development An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism New York Monthly Review Press Amin S 1992 Empire of Chaos New York Monthly Review Press Amin S 1997 Die Zukunft des Weltsystems Herausforderungen der Globalisierung Herausgegeben und aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Joachim Wilke Hamburg VSA Arrighi G 1989 The Developmentalist Illusion A Reconceptualization of the Semiperiphery paper presented at the Thirteenth Annual Political Economy of the World System Conference University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign April 28 30 Arrighi G 1991 World Income Inequalities and the Future of Socialism Fernand Braudel Centre State University of New York at Binghamton Arrighi G 1995 The Long 20th Century Money Power and the Origins of Our Times London New York Verso Arrighi G and Silver B J 1984 Labor Movements and Capital Migration The United States and Western Europe in World Historical Perspective in Labor in the Capitalist World Economy Bergquist Ch Ed pp 183 216 Beverly Hills Sage Arrighi G et al 1991 The Rise of East Asia One Miracle or Many State University of New York at Binghamton Fernand Braudel Centre Arrighi G et al 1996a Modelling Zones of the World Economy A Polynomial Regression Analysis 1964 1994 State University of New York at Binghamton Fernand Braudel Center Arrighi G et al 1996b The Rise of East Asia in World Historical Perspective State University of New York at Binghamton Fernand Braudel Center Arrighi G et al 1996c Beyond Western Hegemonies State University of New York at Binghamton Fernand Braudel Center Bornschier V Ed 1994 Conflicts and new departures in world society New Brunswick N J Transaction Publishers Bornschier V 1976 Wachstum Konzentration und Multinationalisierung von Industrieunternehmen Frauenfeld and Stuttgart Huber Bornschier V 1988 Westliche Gesellschaft im Wandel Frankfurt a M New York Campus Bornschier V 1992 The Rise of the European Community Grasping Towards Hegemony or Therapy against National Decline in the World Political Economy Vienna paper presented at the First European Conference of Sociology August 26 29 Bornschier V 1996 Western society in transition New Brunswick N J Transaction Publishers Bornschier V and Chase Dunn Ch K 1985 Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment N Y N Y Praeger Bornschier V and Heintz P reworked and enlarged by Th H Ballmer Cao and J Scheidegger 1979 Compendium of Data for World Systems Analysis Machine readable data file Zurich Department of Sociology Zurich University Bornschier V and Nollert M 1994 Political Conflict and Labor Disputes at the Core An Encompassing Review for the Post War Era in Conflicts and New Departures in World Society Bornschier V and Lengyel P Eds pp 377 403 New Brunswick U S A and London Transaction Publishers World Society Studies Volume 3 Bornschier V and Suter Chr 1992 Long Waves in the World System in Waves Formations and Values in the World System Bornschier V and Lengyel P Eds pp 15 50 New Brunswick and London Transaction Publishers Bornschier V et al 1980 Multinationale Konzerne Wirtschaftspolitik und nationale Entwicklung im Weltsystem Frankfurt a M Campus Chase Dunn Ch K 1975 The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality a Cross national Study American Sociological Review 40 720 738 Chase Dunn Ch K 1983 The Kernel of the Capitalist World Economy Three Approaches in Contending Approaches to World System Analysis Thompson W R Ed pp 55 78 Beverly Hills Sage Chase Dunn Ch K 1984 The World System Since 1950 What Has Really Changed in Labor in the Capitalist World Economy Bergquist Ch Ed pp 75 104 Beverly Hills Sage Chase Dunn Ch K 1991 Global Formation Structures of the World Economy London Oxford and New York Basil Blackwell Chase Dunn Ch K 1992a The National State as an Agent of Modernity Problems of Communism January April 29 37 Chase Dunn Ch K 1992b The Changing Role of Cities in World Systems in Waves Formations and Values in the World System Bornschier V and Lengyel P Eds pp 51 87 New Brunswick and London Transaction Publishers Chase Dunn Ch K Ed 1982 Socialist States in the World System Beverly Hills and London Sage Chase Dunn Ch K and Grimes P 1995 World Systems Analysis Annual Review of Sociology 21 387 417 Chase Dunn Ch K and Hall Th D 1997 Rise and Demise Comparing World Systems Boulder Colorado Westview Press Chase Dunn Ch K and Podobnik B 1995 The Next World War World System Cycles and Trends Journal of World Systems Research 1 6 unpaginated electronic journal at world wide web site of the World System Network http jwsr ucr edu 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Frank A G 1978 Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment London Macmillan Frank A G 1978 World accumulation 1492 1789 London Macmillan Frank A G 1980 Crisis in the world economy New York Holmes amp Meier Publishers Frank A G 1981 Crisis in the Third World New York Holmes amp Meier Publishers Frank A G 1983 World System in Crisis in Contending Approaches to World System Analysis Thompson W R Ed pp 27 42 Beverly Hills Sage Frank A G 1990 Revolution in Eastern Europe lessons for democratic social movements and socialists Third World Quarterly 12 2 April 36 52 Frank A G 1992 Economic ironies in Europe a world economic interpretation of East West European politics International Social Science Journal 131 February 41 56 Frank A G and Frank Fuentes M 1990 Widerstand im Weltsystem Vienna Promedia Frank A G and Gills B Eds 1993 The World System Five Hundred or Five Thousand Years London and New York Routledge Kegan amp Paul Korotayev A Malkov A Khaltourina D Introduction to Social Macrodynamics Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Moscow URSS 2006 ISBN 5 484 00414 4 Raffer K 1987 Unequal Exchange and the Evolution of the World System Reconsidering the Impact of Trade on North South Relations London Basingstoke and New York Macmillan Saint Martin s Press Raffer K 1989 Sovereign Debts Unilateral Adjustment and Multilateral Control The New Way to Serfdom Singer H W et al Eds New Delhi Ashish Publishing House quoted here from the author s typescript Raffer K 1992 The Least developed and the oil rich Arab countries dependence interdependence or patronage New York N Y St Martin s Press Raffer K 1993 Trade transfers and development problems and prospects for the twenty first century Aldershot Hants England Brookfield Vt USA E Elgar Pub Co Raffer K and Singer H W 1996 The Foreign Aid Business Economic Assistance and Development Cooperation Cheltenham and Borookfield Edward Alger Sunkel O 1966 The Structural Background of Development Problems in Latin America Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 97 1 pp 22 ff Sunkel O 1972 3 Transnationale kapitalistische Integration und nationale Disintegration der Fall Lateinamerika in Imperialismus und strukturelle Gewalt Analysen ueber abhaengige Reproduktion Senghaas D Ed pp 258 315 Frankfurt a M suhrkamp English version Transnational capitalism and national disintegration in Latin America Social and Economic Studies 22 1 March 132 76 Sunkel O 1973 El subdesarrollo latinoamericano y la teoria del desarrollo Mexico Siglo Veintiuno Editores 6a edicion Sunkel O 1978a The Development of Development Thinking in Transnational Capitalism and National Development New Perspectives on Dependence Villamil J J Ed pp 19 30 Hassocks Sussex Harvester Press Sunkel O 1978b Transnationalization and it s National Consequences in Transnational Capitalism and National Development New Perspectives on Dependence Villamil J J Ed pp 67 94 Hassocks Sussex Harvester Press Sunkel O 1980 Transnacionalizacion y dependencia Madrid Ediciones Cultura Hispanica del Instituto de Cooperacion Iberoamericana Sunkel O 1984 Capitalismo transnacional y desintegracion nacional en America Latina Buenos Aires Rep Argentina Ediciones Nueva Vision Sunkel O 1990 Dimension ambiental en la planificacion del desarrollo English The environmental dimension in development planning 1st ed Santiago Chile United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Sunkel O 1991 El Desarrollo desde dentro un enfoque neoestructuralista para la America Latina 1 ed Mexico Fondo de Cultura Economica Sunkel O 1994 Rebuilding capitalism alternative roads after socialism and dirigisme Ann Arbor Mich University of Michigan Press Tausch A 1993 with Fred Prager as co author Towards a Socio Liberal Theory of World Development Basingstoke and New York Macmillan St Martin s Press Tausch A 2003 Social cohesion sustainable development and Turkey s accession to the European Union implications from a global model Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations 2 1 1 41 Tausch A 2007 Global terrorism and world political cycles History and mathematics Moscow special issue 1 1 99 126 Tausch A and Christian Ghymers 2006 From the Washington towards a Vienna Consensus A quantitative analysis on globalization development and global governance 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 世界體系理論 amp oldid 78896507, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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