鋸針蟻屬

鋸針蟻屬 (Odontomachus ) 隸屬蟻科針蟻亞科，棲息於熱帶和亞熱帶，為肉食性。

鋸針蟻屬
鋸針蟻屬的工蟻
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
科：	蟻科 Formicidae
亚科：	針蟻亞科 Ponerinae
族：	鋸針蟻族 Odontomachini
属：	鋸針蟻屬 Odontomachus Latreille, 1804
模式種
Odontomachus haematodus Linnaeus, 1758

鋸針蟻屬具有觸發式大顎 (trap-jaw)，大顎能以極快的速度關上，以捕捉獵物或是透過反作用力彈飛自己躲避敵人。

總覽

鋸針蟻屬英文俗名trap-jaw ants ，鋸針蟻屬有一對發達的大顎，打開的角度可達180度。大顎可以透過內部的結構固定在打開的姿勢，大顎的內部生有一對用來感知的板機毛 (trigger-hair)，當獵物觸碰到板機毛 (trigger-hair) 時大顎便會快速關上，大顎強而有力，且運動速度極快，鋸針蟻屬的英文俗名便是由此而來，大顎命中獵物時會殺死或使獵物殘廢。如果大顎沒有命中目標，鋸針蟻屬可以重複地固定大顎、擊發大顎，除此之外，鋸針蟻屬也可以像其他螞蟻一樣正常開闔大顎。鋸針蟻屬也會利用大顎來擊飛敵人，或是彈飛自己以躲避敵人^[1][2]。

 

O. hastatus 的頭部

鋸針蟻屬的幼蟲外形特殊^[3]，其身體上生有長長的肉脊，且其背部生有黏著墊，可以用來黏在蟻巢的牆壁上^[4]。幼蟲為肉食性，幼蟲會蛻皮三次^[4]，幼蟲會利用其他介質結繭^[5]。

大顎運動的速度

鋸針蟻屬大顎運動的速度是動物界中第二快的^[1]，第一快的是德古拉蟻 (Mystrium camillae )^[6]。有研究指出 Odontomachus bauri 大顎運動的速度介於時速 126 ~ 230 公里。大顎關上的時間平均為 130 微秒。加速度可達 1 000 000 m/s²。

擬態

Enoplomischus 屬的跳蛛會擬態成鋸針蟻屬^[7]。

分布

鋸針蟻屬分布於中南美洲、亞洲、澳洲與非洲^[8]。有研究指出在美國「Odontomachus haematodus 1956年在阿拉巴馬州被記錄到，但近期研究者指出該物種已沿著墨西哥灣散播，最遠至佛羅里達州的彭薩科拉^[9]。」Magdalena Sorger則指出，「在過去，Odontomachus ruginodis 的分布範圍被認為侷限在奧蘭多地區，而近期有一筆 O. ruginodis 的紀錄出現在奧蘭多北邊超過100英里處，位於佛羅里達州的蓋恩斯維爾^[10]。」而 Odontomachus relictus 則只在佛羅里達中部發現，棲息於長有灌木叢的沙脊地形中^[11]。

物種

 

O. haematodus 的幼蟲

 

Odontomachus paleomyagra

 

Odontomachus pseudobauri

共73個現生物種，3個化石物種^[12]

• Odontomachus aciculatus F. Smith, 1863
• Odontomachus affinis Guerin-Meneville, 1844
• Odontomachus alius Sorger & Zettel, 2011
• Odontomachus allolabis Kempf, 1974
• Odontomachus angulatus Mayr, 1866
• Odontomachus animosus Smith, 1860
• Odontomachus assiniensis Emery, 1892
• Odontomachus banksi Forel, 1910
• Odontomachus bauri Emery, 1892
• Odontomachus biolleyi Forel, 1908
• Odontomachus biumbonatus Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus bradleyi Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894)
• Odontomachus caelatus Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus cephalotes Smith, 1863 (Indonesia, Australia, etc.)
• Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)
• Odontomachus circulus Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus clarus Roger, 1861
• Odontomachus coquereli Roger, 1861
• Odontomachus cornutus Stitz, 1933
• Odontomachus desertorum Wheeler, 1915
• Odontomachus erythrocephalus Emery, 1890
• Odontomachus floresensis Brown, 1976 (Indonesia: Flores)
• Odontomachus fulgidus Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus granatus Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) (South America, introduced to Australia prior to 1876); type species
• Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804)
• Odontomachus imperator Emery, 1887
• Odontomachus infandus Smith, 1858
• Odontomachus insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844
• Odontomachus kuroiwae (Matsumura, 1912)
• Odontomachus laticeps Roger, 1861
• Odontomachus latidens Mayr, 1867
• Odontomachus latissimus Viehmeyer, 1914
• Odontomachus malignus Smith, 1859
• Odontomachus mayi Mann, 1912
• Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905
• Odontomachus minangkabau Satria, Kurushima, Herwina, Yamane & Eguchi, 2015
• Odontomachus montanus Stitz, 1925
• Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892
• Odontomachus mormo Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus nigriceps Smith, 1860
• Odontomachus opaciventris Forel, 1899
• Odontomachus opaculus Viehmeyer, 1912
• †Odontomachus paleomyagra Wappler, Dlussky, Engel, Prokop & Knor, 2014^[13]
• Odontomachus panamensis Forel, 1899
• Odontomachus papuanus Emery, 1887
• Odontomachus pararixosus Terayama & Ito, 2014
• Odontomachus peruanus Stitz, 1933
• Odontomachus philippinus Emery, 1893
• Odontomachus procerus Emery, 1893
• †Odontomachus pseudobauri (De Andrade, 1994)
• Odontomachus relictus Deyrup & Cover, 2004
• Odontomachus rixosus Smith, 1857
• Odontomachus ruficeps Smith, 1858 (Australia)
• Odontomachus rufithorax Emery, 1911
• Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, 1937
• Odontomachus saevissimus Smith, 1858
• Odontomachus scalptus Brown, 1978
• Odontomachus schoedli Sorger & Zettel, 2011
• Odontomachus scifictus Sorger & Zettel, 2011
• Odontomachus silvestrii W.M. Wheeler, 1927
• Odontomachus simillimus F. Smith, 1858 (Australia, Fiji, etc.)
• †Odontomachus spinifer De Andrade, 1994
• Odontomachus spissus Kempf, 1962
• Odontomachus sumbensis Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus tensus Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus testaceus Emery, 1897
• Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi, 1914 (Africa, Madagascar, Inner Seychelles)
• Odontomachus turneri Forel, 1900 (Australia)
• Odontomachus tyrannicus Smith, 1859
• Odontomachus xizangensis Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus yucatecus Brown, 1976

參考資料

1. Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV. Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 22 August 2006, 103 (34): 12787–12792 [7 June 2008]. PMC 1568925  . PMID 16924120. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604290103. （原始内容 (PDF)于2014-08-31）. 
2. Ant Jaws Break Speed Record （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） — Videos of Odontomachus jumping using its jaws
3. Pappas, Stephanie; May 11, Live Science Contributor |; ET, 2017 07:41am. Weird Ants Have Hairy Blobs for Babies. Live Science. [2019-06-28]. （原始内容于2020-11-30）. 
4. Fox, E.G.P.; Smith, A.A.; Gibson, J.C.; Solis, D.R. Larvae of trap-jaw ants, Odontomachus Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): morphology and biological notes. The Austrian Society of Entomofaunistics. 2017 [2020-03-06]. doi:10.25849/myrmecol.news_025:017. （原始内容于2021-02-25）. 
5. How Trap-Jaw Ants Develop From Larvae Stages [Watch]. Science Times. 2017-05-10 [2019-06-28]. （原始内容于2019-06-28） （英语）. 
6. Dracula ants possess fastest known animal appendage: The snap-jaw. ScienceDaily. [2018-12-12]. （原始内容于2020-11-08）. 
7. Wesołowska, W. (PDF). Genus. 2005, 16 (2): 307–311. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-03-15）. 
8. Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior. Zootaxa. 2014, 3817 (1): 1–242. PMID 24943802. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. 
9. Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States. Entomology Today. 20 June 2014 [20 June 2014]. （原始内容于2021-01-28）. One species called Odontomachus haematodus was unofficially recorded in Alabama back in 1956. But now researchers have officially confirmed that the species has spread across the Gulf Coast, at least as far east as Pensacola, Florida. 
10. Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States. Entomology Today. 20 June 2014 [20 June 2014]. （原始内容于2021-01-28）. As recently as a few years ago, another species called Odontomachus ruginodis was thought to be confined to the Orlando region, and points south. But now Sorger has confirmed a record of ruginodis more than a hundred miles north of Orlando, in Gainesville, Florida. 
11. Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States. Entomology Today. 20 June 2014 [20 June 2014]. （原始内容于2021-01-28）. Not all of the trap-jaw species are on the move, however. Sorger also studies Odontomachus relictus, a species that is found only in endangered scrub habitat on central Florida’s ancient sand ridges. 
12. An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World by Barry Bolton. [2020-03-06]. （原始内容于2021-04-25）. 
13. An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World: O. paleomyagra. [2020-03-06]. （原始内容于2015-09-23）. 

外部連結

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：鋸針蟻屬

• Mississippi Entomology Museum: Pictures of worker and male O. haematodus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Slow motion video of the ants in action （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Mississippi Entomology Museum: Pictures of worker and male O. haematodus^{[永久失效連結]}
• Ferocious ants bite like a bullet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - BBC News, 21 August 2006. Elli Leadbeater. Retrieved 22 August 2006
• Man-trap jaws make ant fastest predator （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Scotsman, 22 August 2006. John Von Radowitz. Retrieved 22 August 2006