里巴特

里巴特（阿拉伯语：رِبَـاط‎ ribāṭ）是阿拉伯语词汇的音译，意为基地、旅社、避难所或疗愈所。

突尼西亞，莫纳斯提尔里巴特（英语：Ribat of Monastir）

里巴特最初是穆斯林征服北非（英语：Muslim conquest of the Maghreb）初年时在当地建造的小型边界防御工事，内部为临时志愿兵住所^[1]，后来成为驿站或保护商路的要塞，也作为孤立穆斯林群体的活动中心。

阿拉伯军队也在拜占庭边界建造这种要塞，以之作为大呼罗珊地区皈依士兵的住所，密集建造该要塞的边界地带自9世纪起称为阿瓦西姆（英语：Al-Awasim）地区。在其他地区也有起类似作用的要塞，在伊朗地区称为khanqah，在土耳其称为tekke^[2]。

里巴特的本意是指在边界哨所驻守，驻守者称为穆拉比特（murabit）。基地组织^[3]、伊斯兰国^[4]等当代圣战者组织也使用这一词汇。加沙地带的萨拉菲运动组织以“里巴特之地”（Arḍ al-Ribat）称呼巴勒斯坦^[5]。

参见

• 商隊驛站
• 哈納卡
• 克薩

参考文献

1. Northedge, Alastair. ʿAbbāsid art and architecture. Encyclopedia of Islam. 
2. Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. University of North Carolina Press. 1975: 231–232. ISBN 0807812234. 
3. Long, Mark. Ribat, al-Qaeda, and the Challenge for US Foreign Policy. Middle East Journal. Winter 2009, 63 (1): 31–47. doi:10.3751/63.1.12. 
4. (PDF). [2015-06-04]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-05-18）. 
5. “Radical Islam In Gaza”, International Crisis Group, Middle East Report N°104, 29 March 2011, p. 7; see also note 61 (PDF).https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1059351/1226_1301926747_104-20radical-20islam-20in-20gaza.pdf

• Cache of The Ribat by Hajj Ahmad Thomson, 23 06 2007.
• "The Ribats in Morocco and their influence in the spread of knowledge and tasawwuf" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from: al-Imra'a al-Maghribiyya wa't-Tasawwuf (The Moroccan Woman and Tasawwuf in the Eleventh Century) by Mustafa 'Abdu's-Salam al-Mahmah)
• Majid Khadduri, War And Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955), ISBN 1-58477-695-1. p. 81.
• Hassan S. Khalilieh, "The Ribat System and Its Role in Coastal Navigation," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 42,2 (1999), 212-225.
• Jörg Feuchter, "The Islamic Ribаt - A Model for the Christian Military Orders? Sacred Violence, Religious Concepts and the Invention of a Cultural Transfer," in Religion and Its Other: Secular and Sacral Concepts and Practices in Interaction. Edited by Heike Bock, Jörg Feuchter, and Michi Knecht (Frankfurt/M., Campus Verlag, 2008).

外部链接

• Branning, Katharine. The Seljuk Han of Anatolia. [2 May 2021]. （原始内容于2005-02-05）.  With a map and list of Seljuk hans.
  • Introduction and definition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Origins of the Han （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The evolution of stopping posts from the Ancient Near East, through the Early Muslim ribats, to the Seljuk han (Turkish for caravanserai); with a list of "Great Seljuk era hans and ribats in Central Asia and Iran"
• ArchNet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: Origin and layout of a ribat and its adaptation as a caravanserai. Accessed May 2021.