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维基百科

美國工會

十二月 12, 2023

美國的工會受法律認可為代表勞工利益的組織。工會行使集體協商權，為會員談判勞動條件、工資、福利；並監督、糾正雇主違法或違背勞動契約的管理行為，必要時以爭議行為作為談判籌碼。較大的工會還會透過政治遊說或競選，影響美國聯邦政府及各州政治人物的決策。

大多數美國的工會都是兩個大型工會聯盟的會員工會，分別是1955年成立的美國勞工聯合會-產業工會聯合會（AFL-CIO），與2005年自AFL-CIO分家的變革謀勝工會聯合會（英语：Change to Win Federation）。兩者都主張自己代表美國和加拿大勞工的政治利益，積極從事政治遊說工作。其中，AFL-CIO特別關注全球貿易議題。

1983年時，美國的工會共有1,770萬名會員，工會組織率為20.1%；然而2013年卻僅剩1,450萬名會員，工會組織率僅有10.8%[1] 民營事業單位的工會組織率甚至僅有7%[2]，創下1932年來的最低紀錄。與其它國家相比，2013年時法國的工會組織率為7.7%、德國為18.1%、加拿大為27.1%，冰島更以85.5%的工會組織率冠居全球。[3]以統計數字而言，美國勞工參與工會的比例顯著偏低。美國的工會組織率與雖大幅滑落，但仍能透過群眾動員或跨領域結盟（例如與移民權益、貿易政策、健康照顧與維生工資等議題團體合作），對美國政治有一定程度的影響力。其中，美國的工會尤其關注各級政府因預算縮減，產生勞工退休金減少或延遲給付等問題。[4] 如有茶黨背景的共和黨籍威斯康辛州州長（英语：Governor of Wisconsin）斯考特·沃克就曾透過刪減預算限制公部門工會的集體協商權。

21世紀的美國工會運動以公部門受僱者，如公務員、教師、消防員、警察、清潔隊員等勞工為主力。此外，工會會員不成比例地以年長、男性勞工居多，且以美國東北部、中西部及加州勞工為主。[5] 整體而言，一個美國工會若能掌握工作和勞動市場特性，平均而言能讓工會會員比非會員多10－30%工資[6]；而在工會組織率較高的州，其勞工比其它州份的勞工有較高的收入和生活水準。國際貨幣基金組織則進一步將美國的收入差距問題，歸因於美國整體的勞工運動與工會組織率衰退所致。[7][7][8][9][10]

歷史 编辑

主条目：美國歷史

19世紀中葉，工業革命對人類經濟、社會帶來巨大變革，勞資關係逐漸受到社會矚目，工會也隨之誕生。美國早期的工會誕生於南北戰爭之後，1880年代的勞動騎士團（英语：Knights of Labor）是美國最具影響力的勞工團體，但因組織鬆散、缺乏有效領導中心和組織目標不一致等因素，並受到資方和政府聯手打壓而解散。

1886年，龔帕斯創立美國勞工聯合會，創立時仍是不同職種的地方工會組成的鬆散團體，透過協調、支持勞工罷工發展茁壯，如今已是美國最具影響力的工會團體。

1930年代，美國第32任總統富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福推行新政，其中《華格納法案》保障工會的組織權利，促使美國勞工擴大團結、提升組織率。因此，美國的工會在政治上多傾向民主黨，在羅斯福時期更加入新政聯盟，支持羅斯福勝選連任。

二戰後 编辑

1946年，親商的保守派政治人物在選舉中大勝，美國國會在1947年通過共和黨籍參議員羅伯特·A·塔夫脫起草的《塔夫特-哈特萊法案（英语：Taft-Hartley Act）》。該法案不只受到共和黨人支持，連多數民主黨人也贊成該法案；即使時任美國第33任總統的哈瑞·杜魯門動用否決權，仍遭跨黨派議員組成的保守聯盟（英语：Conservative coalition）推翻。[11]《塔夫特-哈特萊法案》禁止工會向候選人提供政治獻金、以「危害國家安全」之名提高工會發動罷工的門檻，並強迫工會除名有共產主義傾向的幹部（後美國最高法院裁定該條款違憲，不再適用）；因而遭到美國工運圈強力抵制，但仍無力回天。國會在1959年通過《勞資關係報告法（英语：Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959）》，要求美國各級工會需向美國勞工部繳交年度報告，以限制有犯罪前科者擔任工會管理職務，從而加強聯邦政府對國際卡車司機工會等工會的行政控制。[12][13]

美國的工會組織率在1954年達到高峰，為35%；而工會會員人數則以1979年最多，達2,100萬人。其後人數因民營部門工會組織不易逐年下滑。

參見 编辑

  • Labor federation competition in the United States
  • Union affiliation by U.S. state
  • Public-sector trade unions in the United States

歷史

  • 美國勞動史（英语：Labor history of the United States）
  • 美國工會時間軸（英语：Timeline of labor unions in the United States）
  • 工業關係委員會（英语：Commission on Industrial Relations）
  • 因勞資爭議而去世的美國勞工列表（英语：List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes）

國際

參考文獻 编辑

  1. ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Union Membership Summary" Jan 24, 2014 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  2. ^ Union Members Summary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 24, 2014 Retrieved: 11 March 2014
  3. ^ See: Trade Union Density. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  4. ^ Alicia H. Munnell. . Brookings Institution Press. 2012: 4–5 [2017-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）. 
  5. ^ Not With a Bang, But a Whimper: The Long, Slow Death Spiral of America's Labor Movement （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）| Richard Yeselson| June 6, 2012
  6. ^ 8-31-2004 Union Membership Trends in the United States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Gerald Mayer.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Politics that Work (April 3, 2015).
  8. ^ Doree Armstrong (February 12, 2014).
  9. ^ Keith Naughton, Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green (February 20, 2015).
  10. ^ Michael Hiltzik (March 25, 2015).
  11. ^ Benjamin C. Waterhouise, Lobbying in America （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, (Princeton University Press, 2013) 53.
  12. ^ William H. Holley et al.Jr. . Cengage Learning. 2011: 85 [2017-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）. 
  13. ^ David Scott Witwer. . University of Illinois Press. 2003: 131ff [2017-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）. 

參考書目 编辑

調查報告 编辑

  • Arnesen, Eric, ed. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History (2006), 3 vol; 2064pp; 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Beard, Mary Ritter. A Short History of the American Labor Movement 1920 - 176 pages online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Beik, Millie, ed. Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History (2005) over 100 annotated primary documents excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Boris, Eileen, and Nelson Lichtenstein, eds. Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays (2002)
  • Brody, David. In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker (1993) excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Browne, Waldo Ralph. What's what in the Labor Movement: A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor (1921) 577pp; encyclopedia of labor terms, organizations and history. complete text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. Labor in America: A History (2004), textbook, based on earlier textbooks by Dulles.
  • Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine, eds. Labor Leaders in America (1987) biographies of key leaders, written by scholars excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • LeBlanc, Paul. A Short History of the U.S. Working Class: From Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century (1999), 160pp excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Lichtenstein, Nelson. State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (2003) excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Perlman, Selig. A History of Trade Unionism in the United States 1922 - 313 pages online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Taylor, Paul F. The ABC-CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement (1993) 237pp; short encyclopedia
  • Zieger, Robert H., and Gilbert J. Gall, American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century(3rd ed. 2002) excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Zieger, Robert H. For Jobs and Freedom: Race and Labor in America Since 1865 (2007) excerpt and text search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

1900年 编辑

  • Commons, John R. History of Labour in the United States - vol 1 and Vol. 2 1860-1896 (1918) vol 2 online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (note spelling of "Labour")
  • Commons, John R. "American Shoemakers, 1648-1895: A Sketch of Industrial Evolution," Quarterly Journal of Economics 24 (November, 1909), 39-83. in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Commons, John R. ed. Trade Unionism and Labor Problems (1905) articles by experts on unions and working condition online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Grob, Gerald N. Workers and Utopia: A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement, 1865-1900 (1961) online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Hall, John P. "The Knights of St. Crispin in Massachusetts, 1869-1878," Journal of Economic History 18 (June, 1958), p 161-175 in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Laslett, John H. M. Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924 (1970) online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963) online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Orth, Samuel P. The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners (1919) short popular overview online edition
  • Taillon, Paul Michel. Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877-1917 (2009)
  • Taft, Philip Taft and Philip Ross, "American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome," in The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, ed. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, 1969. online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Van Tine, Warren R. The Making of the Labor Bureaucrat: Union Leadership in the United States, 1870-1920 (1973) online edition
  • Voss, Kim. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (1993) online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Weir, Robert E. Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor (1996) online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Bibliography of online resources on railway labor in late 19th century （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

1900年–1932年 编辑

  • Bernstein, Irving. The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-33 (1966)
  • Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (1965)
  • Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Tine. John L. Lewis: A Biography (1986)
  • Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (1965)
  • Faue, Elizabeth. Community of Suffering & Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (1991)
  • Fraser, Steve. Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (1993)
  • Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920-1935 (1994)
  • Greene, Julie . Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881-1917 (1998)
  • Hooker, Clarence. Life in the Shadows of the Crystal Palace, 1910-1927: Ford Workers in the Model T Era (1997)
  • Laslett, John H. M. Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924 (1970)
  • Karson, Marc. American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900-1918 (1958)
  • McCartin, Joseph A. Labor's Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912-1921 (1997)
  • Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963)
  • Meyer, Stephen. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921 (1981)
  • Mink, Gwendolyn. Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875-1920 (1986)
  • Orth, Samuel P. The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners (1919) short overview
  • Quint, Howard H. The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement (1964)
  • Warne, Colston E. ed. The Steel Strike of 1919 (1963), primary and secondary documents
  • Zieger, Robert. Republicans and Labor, 1919-1929. (1969)

早期文獻 编辑

  • Gompers, Samuel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography (1925)

1932年 - 1955年 编辑

  • Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (1970)
  • Boyle, Kevin. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968 (1995)
  • Campbell, D'Ann. "Sisterhood versus the Brotherhoods: Women in Unions" Women at War With America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984).
  • Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Time John L. Lewis (1986).
  • Faue, Elizabeth. Community of Suffering & Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (1991), social history
  • Fraser, Steve. Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (1993).
  • Galenson, Walter. The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935-1941 (1960)
  • Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920-1935 (1994)
  • Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) p. 553-83
  • Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945. (1999) recent narrative.
  • Lichtenstein, Nelson. Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II (2003)
  • Lichtenstein, Nelson. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (1995)
  • Miller, Sally M., and Daniel A. Cornford eds. American Labor in the Era of World War II (1995), essays by historians, mostly on California
  • Seidman; Joel. Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen: The Internal Political Life of a National Union (1962)
  • Vittoz, Stanley. New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy (1987)
  • Zieger, Robert H. The CIO, 1935-1955 (1995)

公平就業委員會 编辑

  • Collins, William J. "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets," American Economic Review 91:1 (March 2001), pp. 272–286
  • Kersten, Andrew Edmund. Race, Jobs, and the War: The FEPC in the Midwest, 1941-46 (2000)
  • Reed, Merl E. Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: The President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941-1946 (1991)

塔夫特-哈特萊法案與全國勞工關係法 编辑

  • Abraham, Steven E. "The Impact of the Taft-Hartley Act on the Balance of Power in Industrial Relations" American Business Law Journal Vol. 33, 1996
  • Ballam, Deborah A. "The Impact of the National Labor Relations Act on the U.S. Labor Movement" American Business Law Journal, Vol. 32, 1995
  • Brooks, George W., Milton Derber, David A. McCabe, Philip Taft. Interpreting the Labor Movement (1952)
  • Gall, Gilbert J. The Politics of Right to Work: The Labor Federations as Special Interests, 1943-1979 (1988)
  • Hartley Jr. Fred A., and Robert A. Taft. Our New National Labor Policy: The Taft-Hartley Act and the Next Steps (1948)
  • Lee, R. Alton. Truman and Taft-Hartley: A Question of Mandate (1966)
  • Millis, Harry A., and Emily Clark Brown. From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley: A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations (1950)

早期文獻 编辑

  • Christman, Henry M. ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers (1961)

1955年至今 编辑

  • Bennett, James T., and Bruce E. Kaufman. What do unions do?: a twenty-year perspective (2007)
  • Dark; Taylor E. The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (1999)
  • Dine, Philip. State of the Unions: How Labor Can Strengthen the Middle Class, Improve Our Economy, and Regain Political Influence (2007)
  • Fantasia, Rick, and Kim Voss. Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement (2004)
  • Galenson, Walter; The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (1996)
  • Goldberg, Arthur J. AFL-CIO, Labor United (1956)
  • Leiter, Robert D. The Teamsters Union: A Study of Its Economic Impact (1957)
  • Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Two Roads Forward for Labor: The AFL–CIO's New Agenda." Dissent 61.1 (2014): 54-58. Online[永久失效連結]
  • Lipset, Seymour Martin, ed. Unions in Transition: Entering the Second Century (1986)
  • Mort, Jo-Ann, ed. Not Your Father's Union Movement: Inside the AFL-CIO" (2002)
  • Rosenfeld, Jake. What Unions No Longer Do. (Harvard University Press, 2014) ISBN 0674725115
  • Yates, Michael D. Why Unions Matter (2009)

外部連結 编辑

十二月 12, 2023
美國工會, 美國的工會受法律認可為代表勞工利益的組織, 工會行使集體協商權, 為會員談判勞動條件, 工資, 福利, 並監督, 糾正雇主違法或違背勞動契約的管理行為, 必要時以爭議行為作為談判籌碼, 較大的工會還會透過政治遊說或競選, 影響美國聯邦政府及各州政治人物的決策, 大多數美國的工會都是兩個大型工會聯盟的會員工會, 分別是1955年成立的美國勞工聯合會, 產業工會聯合會, 與2005年自afl, cio分家的變革謀勝工會聯合會, 英语, change, federation, 兩者都主張自己代表美國和加拿大勞. 美國的工會受法律認可為代表勞工利益的組織 工會行使集體協商權 為會員談判勞動條件 工資 福利 並監督 糾正雇主違法或違背勞動契約的管理行為 必要時以爭議行為作為談判籌碼 較大的工會還會透過政治遊說或競選 影響美國聯邦政府及各州政治人物的決策 大多數美國的工會都是兩個大型工會聯盟的會員工會 分別是1955年成立的美國勞工聯合會 產業工會聯合會 AFL CIO 與2005年自AFL CIO分家的變革謀勝工會聯合會 英语 Change to Win Federation 兩者都主張自己代表美國和加拿大勞工的政治利益 積極從事政治遊說工作 其中 AFL CIO特別關注全球貿易議題 1983年時 美國的工會共有1 770萬名會員 工會組織率為20 1 然而2013年卻僅剩1 450萬名會員 工會組織率僅有10 8 1 民營事業單位的工會組織率甚至僅有7 2 創下1932年來的最低紀錄 與其它國家相比 2013年時法國的工會組織率為7 7 德國為18 1 加拿大為27 1 冰島更以85 5 的工會組織率冠居全球 3 以統計數字而言 美國勞工參與工會的比例顯著偏低 美國的工會組織率與雖大幅滑落 但仍能透過群眾動員或跨領域結盟 例如與移民權益 貿易政策 健康照顧與維生工資等議題團體合作 對美國政治有一定程度的影響力 其中 美國的工會尤其關注各級政府因預算縮減 產生勞工退休金減少或延遲給付等問題 4 如有茶黨背景的共和黨籍威斯康辛州州長 英语 Governor of Wisconsin 斯考特 沃克就曾透過刪減預算限制公部門工會的集體協商權 21世紀的美國工會運動以公部門受僱者 如公務員 教師 消防員 警察 清潔隊員等勞工為主力 此外 工會會員不成比例地以年長 男性勞工居多 且以美國東北部 中西部及加州勞工為主 5 整體而言 一個美國工會若能掌握工作和勞動市場特性 平均而言能讓工會會員比非會員多10 30 工資 6 而在工會組織率較高的州 其勞工比其它州份的勞工有較高的收入和生活水準 國際貨幣基金組織則進一步將美國的收入差距問題 歸因於美國整體的勞工運動與工會組織率衰退所致 7 7 8 9 10 目录 1 歷史 1 1 二戰後 2 參見 3 參考文獻 4 參考書目 4 1 調查報告 4 2 1900年 4 3 1900年 1932年 4 3 1 早期文獻 4 4 1932年 1955年 4 5 公平就業委員會 4 6 塔夫特 哈特萊法案與全國勞工關係法 4 6 1 早期文獻 4 7 1955年至今 5 外部連結歷史 编辑主条目 美國歷史 19世紀中葉 工業革命對人類經濟 社會帶來巨大變革 勞資關係逐漸受到社會矚目 工會也隨之誕生 美國早期的工會誕生於南北戰爭之後 1880年代的勞動騎士團 英语 Knights of Labor 是美國最具影響力的勞工團體 但因組織鬆散 缺乏有效領導中心和組織目標不一致等因素 並受到資方和政府聯手打壓而解散 1886年 龔帕斯創立美國勞工聯合會 創立時仍是不同職種的地方工會組成的鬆散團體 透過協調 支持勞工罷工發展茁壯 如今已是美國最具影響力的工會團體 1930年代 美國第32任總統富蘭克林 德拉諾 羅斯福推行新政 其中 華格納法案 保障工會的組織權利 促使美國勞工擴大團結 提升組織率 因此 美國的工會在政治上多傾向民主黨 在羅斯福時期更加入新政聯盟 支持羅斯福勝選連任 二戰後 编辑 1946年 親商的保守派政治人物在選舉中大勝 美國國會在1947年通過共和黨籍參議員羅伯特 A 塔夫脫起草的 塔夫特 哈特萊法案 英语 Taft Hartley Act 該法案不只受到共和黨人支持 連多數民主黨人也贊成該法案 即使時任美國第33任總統的哈瑞 杜魯門動用否決權 仍遭跨黨派議員組成的保守聯盟 英语 Conservative coalition 推翻 11 塔夫特 哈特萊法案 禁止工會向候選人提供政治獻金 以 危害國家安全 之名提高工會發動罷工的門檻 並強迫工會除名有共產主義傾向的幹部 後美國最高法院裁定該條款違憲 不再適用 因而遭到美國工運圈強力抵制 但仍無力回天 國會在1959年通過 勞資關係報告法 英语 Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 要求美國各級工會需向美國勞工部繳交年度報告 以限制有犯罪前科者擔任工會管理職務 從而加強聯邦政府對國際卡車司機工會等工會的行政控制 12 13 美國的工會組織率在1954年達到高峰 為35 而工會會員人數則以1979年最多 達2 100萬人 其後人數因民營部門工會組織不易逐年下滑 參見 编辑Labor federation competition in the United States Union affiliation by U S state Public sector trade unions in the United States歷史 美國勞動史 英语 Labor history of the United States 美國工會時間軸 英语 Timeline of labor unions in the United States 工業關係委員會 英语 Commission on Industrial Relations 因勞資爭議而去世的美國勞工列表 英语 List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes 國際 世界產業工人參考文獻 编辑 Bureau of Labor Statistics Union Membership Summary Jan 24 2014 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Union Members Summary 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Bureau of Labor Statistics January 24 2014 Retrieved 11 March 2014 See Trade Union Density 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Alicia H Munnell State and Local Pensions What Now Brookings Institution Press 2012 4 5 2017 03 19 原始内容存档于2021 04 15 Not With a Bang But a Whimper The Long Slow Death Spiral of America s Labor Movement 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Richard Yeselson June 6 2012 8 31 2004 Union Membership Trends in the United States 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Gerald Mayer 7 0 7 1 Politics that Work April 3 2015 Doree Armstrong February 12 2014 Keith Naughton Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green February 20 2015 Michael Hiltzik March 25 2015 Benjamin C Waterhouise Lobbying in America 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Princeton University Press 2013 53 William H Holley et al Jr The Labor Relations Process 10th ed Cengage Learning 2011 85 2017 03 20 原始内容存档于2021 04 15 David Scott Witwer Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union University of Illinois Press 2003 131ff 2017 03 20 原始内容存档于2021 04 15 參考書目 编辑調查報告 编辑 Arnesen Eric ed Encyclopedia of U S Labor and Working Class History 2006 3 vol 2064pp 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Beard Mary Ritter A Short History of the American Labor Movement 1920 176 pages online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Beik Millie ed Labor Relations Major Issues in American History 2005 over 100 annotated primary documents excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Boris Eileen and Nelson Lichtenstein eds Major Problems In The History Of American Workers Documents and Essays 2002 Brody David In Labor s Cause Main Themes on the History of the American Worker 1993 excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Browne Waldo Ralph What s what in the Labor Movement A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor 1921 577pp encyclopedia of labor terms organizations and history complete text online 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Dubofsky Melvyn and Foster Rhea Dulles Labor in America A History 2004 textbook based on earlier textbooks by Dulles Dubofsky Melvyn and Warren Van Tine eds Labor Leaders in America 1987 biographies of key leaders written by scholars excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 LeBlanc Paul A Short History of the U S Working Class From Colonial Times to the Twenty First Century 1999 160pp excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Lichtenstein Nelson State of the Union A Century of American Labor 2003 excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Perlman Selig A History of Trade Unionism in the United States 1922 313 pages online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Taylor Paul F The ABC CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement 1993 237pp short encyclopedia Zieger Robert H and Gilbert J Gall American Workers American Unions The Twentieth Century 3rd ed 2002 excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Zieger Robert H For Jobs and Freedom Race and Labor in America Since 1865 2007 excerpt and text search 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 1900年 编辑 Commons John R History of Labour in the United States vol 1 and Vol 2 1860 1896 1918 vol 2 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 note spelling of Labour Commons John R American Shoemakers 1648 1895 A Sketch of Industrial Evolution Quarterly Journal of Economics 24 November 1909 39 83 in JSTOR 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Commons John R ed Trade Unionism and Labor Problems 1905 articles by experts on unions and working condition online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Grob Gerald N Workers and Utopia A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement 1865 1900 1961 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Hall John P The Knights of St Crispin in Massachusetts 1869 1878 Journal of Economic History 18 June 1958 p 161 175 in JSTOR 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Laslett John H M Labor and the Left A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement 1881 1924 1970 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Mandel Bernard Samuel Gompers A Biography 1963 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Orth Samuel P The Armies of Labor A Chronicle of the Organized Wage Earners 1919 short popular overview online edition Taillon Paul Michel Good Reliable White Men Railroad Brotherhoods 1877 1917 2009 Taft Philip Taft and Philip Ross American Labor Violence Its Causes Character and Outcome in The History of Violence in America A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence ed Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr 1969 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Van Tine Warren R The Making of the Labor Bureaucrat Union Leadership in the United States 1870 1920 1973 online edition Voss Kim The Making of American Exceptionalism The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century 1993 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Weir Robert E Beyond Labor s Veil The Culture of the Knights of Labor 1996 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Bibliography of online resources on railway labor in late 19th century 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 1900年 1932年 编辑 Bernstein Irving The Lean Years A History of the American Worker 1920 33 1966 Brody David Labor in Crisis The Steel Strike of 1919 1965 Dubofsky Melvyn and Warren Van Tine John L Lewis A Biography 1986 Brody David Labor in Crisis The Steel Strike of 1919 1965 Faue Elizabeth Community of Suffering amp Struggle Women Men and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis 1915 1945 1991 Fraser Steve Labor Will Rule Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor 1993 Gordon Colin New Deals Business Labor and Politics 1920 1935 1994 Greene Julie Pure and Simple Politics The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism 1881 1917 1998 Hooker Clarence Life in the Shadows of the Crystal Palace 1910 1927 Ford Workers in the Model T Era 1997 Laslett John H M Labor and the Left A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement 1881 1924 1970 Karson Marc American Labor Unions and Politics 1900 1918 1958 McCartin Joseph A Labor s Great War The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations 1912 1921 1997 Mandel Bernard Samuel Gompers A Biography 1963 Meyer Stephen The Five Dollar Day Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company 1908 1921 1981 Mink Gwendolyn Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development Union Party and State 1875 1920 1986 Orth Samuel P The Armies of Labor A Chronicle of the Organized Wage Earners 1919 short overview Quint Howard H The Forging of American Socialism Origins of the Modern Movement 1964 Warne Colston E ed The Steel Strike of 1919 1963 primary and secondary documents Zieger Robert Republicans and Labor 1919 1929 1969 早期文獻 编辑 Gompers Samuel Seventy Years of Life and Labor An Autobiography 1925 1932年 1955年 编辑 Bernstein Irving Turbulent Years A History of the American Worker 1933 1941 1970 Boyle Kevin The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism 1945 1968 1995 Campbell D Ann Sisterhood versus the Brotherhoods Women in Unions Women at War With America Private Lives in a Patriotic Era 1984 Dubofsky Melvyn and Warren Van Time John L Lewis 1986 Faue Elizabeth Community of Suffering amp Struggle Women Men and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis 1915 1945 1991 social history Fraser Steve Labor Will Rule Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor 1993 Galenson Walter The CIO Challenge to the AFL A History of the American Labor Movement 1935 1941 1960 Gordon Colin New Deals Business Labor and Politics 1920 1935 1994 Jensen Richard J The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 1989 p 553 83 Kennedy David M Freedom From Fear The American People in Depression and War 1929 1945 1999 recent narrative Lichtenstein Nelson Labor s War at Home The CIO in World War II 2003 Lichtenstein Nelson The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor 1995 Miller Sally M and Daniel A Cornford eds American Labor in the Era of World War II 1995 essays by historians mostly on California Seidman Joel Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen The Internal Political Life of a National Union 1962 Vittoz Stanley New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy 1987 Zieger Robert H The CIO 1935 1955 1995 公平就業委員會 编辑 Collins William J Race Roosevelt and Wartime Production Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets American Economic Review 91 1 March 2001 pp 272 286 Kersten Andrew Edmund Race Jobs and the War The FEPC in the Midwest 1941 46 2000 online review Reed Merl E Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement The President s Committee on Fair Employment Practice 1941 1946 1991 塔夫特 哈特萊法案與全國勞工關係法 编辑 Abraham Steven E The Impact of the Taft Hartley Act on the Balance of Power in Industrial Relations American Business Law Journal Vol 33 1996 Ballam Deborah A The Impact of the National Labor Relations Act on the U S Labor Movement American Business Law Journal Vol 32 1995 Brooks George W Milton Derber David A McCabe Philip Taft Interpreting the Labor Movement 1952 Gall Gilbert J The Politics of Right to Work The Labor Federations as Special Interests 1943 1979 1988 Hartley Jr Fred A and Robert A Taft Our New National Labor Policy The Taft Hartley Act and the Next Steps 1948 Lee R Alton Truman and Taft Hartley A Question of Mandate 1966 Millis Harry A and Emily Clark Brown From the Wagner Act to Taft Hartley A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations 1950 早期文獻 编辑 Christman Henry M ed Walter P Reuther Selected Papers 1961 1955年至今 编辑 Bennett James T and Bruce E Kaufman What do unions do a twenty year perspective 2007 Dark Taylor E The Unions and the Democrats An Enduring Alliance 1999 Dine Philip State of the Unions How Labor Can Strengthen the Middle Class Improve Our Economy and Regain Political Influence 2007 Fantasia Rick and Kim Voss Hard Work Remaking the American Labor Movement 2004 Galenson Walter The American Labor Movement 1955 1995 1996 Goldberg Arthur J AFL CIO Labor United 1956 Leiter Robert D The Teamsters Union A Study of Its Economic Impact 1957 Lichtenstein Nelson Two Roads Forward for Labor The AFL CIO s New Agenda Dissent 61 1 2014 54 58 Online 永久失效連結 Lipset Seymour Martin ed Unions in Transition Entering the Second Century 1986 Mort Jo Ann ed Not Your Father s Union Movement Inside the AFL CIO 2002 Rosenfeld Jake What Unions No Longer Do Harvard University Press 2014 ISBN 0674725115 Yates Michael D Why Unions Matter 2009 外部連結 编辑AFL CIO official Web site 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Change to Win Federation official Web site 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Challenges of Today s Labor Unions 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Cost of a Decline in Unions 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 February 2015 Nicholas Kristof The New York Times The incredible decline of American unions in one animated map 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 February 2015 Ana Swanson The Washington Post What Happened to Unions in the Midwest 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Feb 2015 Melanie Trottman and Eric Morath The Wall Street Journal Unions still matter 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 April 2015 Sean McElwee Al Jazeera America Americans Don t Miss Manufacturing They Miss Unions 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 FiveThirtyEight May 13 2016 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 美國工會 amp oldid 79558268, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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