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縮寫

縮寫(英語:abbreviation,abbr.[註 1]),又称省略缩略节略略记简略记法[2],其词汇用语则称为略语缩语缩略语缩写词,是在使用拼音文字的语言中,对于常用的词组(多为专名)以及少数常用的词所采用的简便写法。

缩写有幾種常見的形式:1. 截取词的首字母来代表这个词,如 C 代表 carbōnium(碳);2. 截取词的前几个字母,如 Eng. 代表 England(英格兰)或 English(英语);3. 分别截取一个词的两个部分的第一个字母,如 cm 代表 centimeter(厘米),TV 代表 television(电视);4. 截取词的首字母和最後一个字母,如 No. 或 代表 numerō(号数);5. 截取词组中每个主要单词的第一个字母,如 UN 代表 the United Nations(联合国)[3]

缩写大部分时候等同于简称,但二者的含义不尽相同。广义的缩写囊括了元音缩合英语Crasis(通过合并两个元音把多个词复合为一个词)、首字母缩略词字母词英语Initialisms中略等概念,但在较严格的语境下可能会将它们排除或分别讨论。[4]:p167

缩写类型

音素缩写

首字母缩略语

首字母缩略词,又称头字语[5],是英語法語里面常见的缩写类型。这种音素缩写会将缩略语以词的形式发音[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]。如:

字母词

字母词也是一种首字母缩略词,但是一般将其按字母逐字发音[21]。如:

拼写简化

拼写简化(short form)只在书写上缩减,并不会改变词的读法。一部分拼写简化属于中略。这种缩写今时美式英语一般会在後面加一个缩寫点“.”,英式英语中略时则不会加点。[4]:p167–170 [22]。如:

  • abbreviation → abbr. 或 abbrev.
  • Doctor → Dr. (美)或 Dr (英)
  • Company → Co.
  • building → bldg. (美)或 bldg (英)
  • Street → St. (英美)(英式英语加有缩写点,为免与Saint(聖人)混淆)
  • Road → Rd. (美)或 Rd (英)
  • Boulevard → Blvd. (美)或 Blvd (英)
  • Verb → V.

音节缩写

截音词

截音英语Clipping (morphology)是截取词语的一部分作为缩略语的方法,是一种音节缩写(英语:syllabic abbreviation)。如:

  • telephone→ phone
  • examination → exam
  • mathematics → math
  • laboratory → lab
  • facsimile → fax
  • memorandum → memo
  • influenza → flu

短语的音节缩写

一些缩略语由复合词或短语中截取一部分音节構成,这些缩略语也是典型的音节缩写。这种缩略语一般用于专有名词。

这种音节缩写容易與混成词(英文:portmanteau 或 blend word)混淆,虽然两者的意义和读音来自两个以上的语素[23][24][25][26],但混成词并没有一个作为原型的短语。

例如:

与英語、法語相比,音节缩写在德語俄語比較常見。纳粹时期及之前的德国蘇聯為了新的官僚機構命名時,非常盛行使用音节缩写。如:

  • SchutzpolizistSchupo(德语,保护警察英语Schutzpolizei
  • Geheime Staats-PolizeiGestapo(德语,秘密国家警察,缩写音译为蓋世太保
  • Всесоюзный Ленинский Коммунистический Союз МолодёжиКомсомол(俄语,苏联共青团
  • Коммунистический интернационалКоминтерн(俄语,共产国际

后来的德國人,包括东德,仍然会使用音节缩写,如:

  • KriminalpolizeiKripo(德语,罪案調查警察德语Kriminalpolizei)。
  • Staatssicherheit(意为“国家安全”)→ Stasi(德语,东德的国家安全部,缩写音译为斯塔西
  • VolkspolizistVopo(德语,东德人民警察)。

语素缩写

语素是由词、短语中的语素構成缩略语的缩写方法。这是汉语日语里面最常见的缩写类型之一。由于汉语是非常典型的孤立语,其语素单位大部分时候与音节单位契合,所以往往也可以视为音节缩写。如:

汉语也会由从词、短语甚至句子中抽出相同的语素,与数词(或再加量词)構成缩略语。如:

  • 世界、人生、价值三观
  • 農業、工業、國防和科學技術的現代化四個現代化、四化
  • 始终代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求、始终代表中国先进文化的前进方向、始终代表中国最广大人民的根本利益 → 三个代表

参考文献

  1. ^ . www.latin-is-simple.com. [2018-03-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-29). 
  2. ^ . [2022-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-10). 
  3. ^ 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室 (编). 现代汉语词典 (3版, 修订本). 北京: 商务印书馆. 1996. ISBN 978-7-100-01777-0. (简体中文)
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 . Oxford University Press. 2005 [2018-07-27]. ISBN 0-19-861041-6. (原始内容存档于2021-04-29).  引用错误:带有name属性“harts”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  5. ^ Merriam-Webster, Inc. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, 1994. ISBN 0-87779-132-5. pp. 21–22:

    acronyms  A number of commentators (as Copperud 1970, Janis 1984, Howard 1984) believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words. Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction because writers in general do not:

    "The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym 'P/M Parts'"—Precision Metal Molding, January 1966.
    "Users of the term acronym make no distinction between those pronounced as words ... and those pronounced as a series of characters" —Jean Praninskas, Trade Name Creation, 1968.
    "It is not J.C.B.'s fault that its name, let alone its acronym, is not a household word among European scholars"—Times Literary Supp. 5 February 1970.
    "... the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms—words formed from the first letters of other words"—Bernard Weinraub, N.Y. Times, 11 December 1978.

    Pyles & Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into "initialisms", which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names, and "word acronyms", which are pronounced as words. Initialism, an older word than acronym, seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with acronym in a narrow sense.

  6. ^ "acronym". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (1991), Oxford University Press. p. 12: "a word, usu[ally] pronounced as such, formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. Ernie, laser, Nato)".
  7. ^ "acronym" "Cambridge Dictionary of American English" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed October 5, 2008: "a word created from the first letters of each word in a series of words."
  8. ^ "acronym" "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "1. A word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name, such as NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization or by combining the initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar from radio detecting and ranging. 2. Usage Problem An initialism. Usage Note: In strict usage, the term acronym refers to a word made from the initial letters or parts of other words, such as sonar from so(und) na(vigation and) r(anging). The distinguishing feature of an acronym is that it is pronounced as if it were a single word, in the manner of NATO and NASA. Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like FBI and NIH, whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables. While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision, it may be lost on many people, for whom the term acronym refers to both kinds of abbreviations."
  9. ^ "acronym" "Collins Dictionaries" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "a pronounceable name made up of a series of initial letters or parts of words; for example, UNESCO for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization"
  10. ^ "acronym" "Cambridge Dictionaries Online" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word: AIDS is an acronym for 'Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome'."
  11. ^ "acronym" "Cambridge Dictionaries Online" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "Acronyms are words which are formed from the first letters of other words, and which are pronounced as full words."
  12. ^ "acronym" "Wordsmyth, the Priemier Educational Dictionary-Thesaurus" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "a type of abbreviation used as a word, formed by combining the initial letters (or initial parts) of words that make up a particular string. The pronunciation of an acronym is based on the typical rules of pronouncing words in a language and is not made up of the sounds of the names of individual letters. NASA is an acronym for 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration.' The abbreviations 'FBI' and 'DVD' are not acronyms, but 'AIDS,' 'FICA,' and 'PIN' are."
  13. ^ "acronym" "NetLingo, the Internet Dictionary" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "Derived from the first letters of a phrase, acronyms are meant to make the phrase easier to say and remember. With an acronym, the first letter of each word makes up a new word that is, in fact, pronounceable (for example, SNAFU is pronounced "sna-foo" and WOMBAT is pronounced "wahm-bat")."
  14. ^ "acronym". Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing (2012). Stedman. "A pronounceable word formed from the initial letters of each word or selected words in a phrase (e.g., AIDS)".
  15. ^ "acronym" "AES Pro Audio Reference" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "A word formed from the first letters of a name, such as laser for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar for radio detecting and ranging. The requirement of forming a word is what distinguishes an acronym from an abbreviation (or initialism as it is also called). Thus modem [modulator-demodulator] is an acronym, and AES [Audio Engineering Society] is an abbreviation or initialism."
  16. ^ "The Correct Use of Acronyms and Initialisms" "Scribendi Proofreading Services" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase. It is pronounced as if it were a word. Examples of common acronyms include "SARS" (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and "UNICEF" (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)"
  17. ^ "The Difference Between an Acronym and an Initialism" "Today I Found Out" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase. It is pronounced as if it were a word. Examples of common acronyms include "SARS" (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and "UNICEF" (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)"
  18. ^ Crystal, David (1995). "Abbreviation". The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55985-5. p. 120: Under the heading "Types of Abbreviation", this article separately lists initialisms and acronyms, describing the latter as "Initialisms pronounced as single words", but adds, "However, some linguists do not recognize a sharp distinction between acronyms and initialisms, but use the former term for both."
  19. ^ "The 10 Most Misunderstood Terms in IT" "TechTarget" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "An acronym is not any abbreviation, just one that forms a "sayable" word. Apart from that confusion, acronyms and other abbreviations cause confusion any time a reader is likely not to know what the spelled-out version is."
  20. ^ "initialism" "Online Etymology Dictionary" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed August 13, 2015: "initialism (n.) word formed from the first letters of other words or a phrase, 1957, from initial (n.) + -ism. The distinction from acronym is not universally agreed-upon; in general, words such as NATO, where the letters form a word, are regarded as acronyms, those such as FBI, where the letters sound as letters, are initialisms. The use of acronym in entries in this dictionary that are technically initialisms is a deliberate error, because many people only know to search for all such words under 'acronym.'"
  21. ^ dGuide to the Third Edition of the OED. Oxford English Dictionary. 2010-08-19 [2012-12-19]. (原始内容于2015-09-06). 
  22. ^ Allen, Robert (编). Full stop. Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage 2nd. Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19172707-8. 
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注释

  1. ^ 源自拉丁文 brevis,意为“短”[1]

参见

縮寫, 提示, 此条目的主题不是简称, 英語, abbreviation, abbr, 又称省略, 缩略, 节略, 略记, 简略记法, 其词汇用语则称为略语, 缩语, 缩略语, 缩写词, 是在使用拼音文字的语言中, 对于常用的词组, 多为专名, 以及少数常用的词所采用的简便写法, 缩写有幾種常見的形式, 截取词的首字母来代表这个词, 代表, carbōnium, 截取词的前几个字母, 代表, england, 英格兰, english, 英语, 分别截取一个词的两个部分的第一个字母, 代表, centimeter,. 提示 此条目的主题不是简称 縮寫 英語 abbreviation abbr 註 1 又称省略 缩略 节略 略记 简略记法 2 其词汇用语则称为略语 缩语 缩略语 缩写词 是在使用拼音文字的语言中 对于常用的词组 多为专名 以及少数常用的词所采用的简便写法 缩写有幾種常見的形式 1 截取词的首字母来代表这个词 如 C 代表 carbōnium 碳 2 截取词的前几个字母 如 Eng 代表 England 英格兰 或 English 英语 3 分别截取一个词的两个部分的第一个字母 如 cm 代表 centimeter 厘米 TV 代表 television 电视 4 截取词的首字母和最後一个字母 如 No 或 代表 numerō 号数 5 截取词组中每个主要单词的第一个字母 如 UN 代表 the United Nations 联合国 3 缩写大部分时候等同于简称 但二者的含义不尽相同 广义的缩写囊括了元音缩合 英语 Crasis 通过合并两个元音把多个词复合为一个词 首字母缩略词 字母词 英语 Initialisms 和中略 等概念 但在较严格的语境下可能会将它们排除或分别讨论 4 p167 目录 1 缩写类型 1 1 音素缩写 1 1 1 首字母缩略语 1 1 2 字母词 1 2 拼写简化 1 3 音节缩写 1 3 1 截音词 1 3 2 短语的音节缩写 1 4 语素缩写 2 参考文献 3 注释 4 参见缩写类型 编辑音素缩写 编辑 首字母缩略语 编辑 主条目 首字母缩略字 首字母缩略词 又称头字语 5 是英語 法語里面常见的缩写类型 这种音素缩写会将缩略语以词的形式发音 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 如 North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO 北大西洋公约组织 Organisation du Traite de l Atlantique Nord OTAN 法语 同上 Laser Interferometer Space Antenna LISA 激光干涉空间天线 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense THAAD 末段高空区域防御系统 缩写音译为萨德 Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Benelux 比荷盧三國關稅同盟 字母词 编辑 字母词也是一种首字母缩略词 但是一般将其按字母逐字发音 21 如 World Trade Organization WTO 世界贸易组织 National Basketball Association NBA 美国国家篮球协会 Central Intelligence Agency CIA 美国中央情报局 United Kingdom UK 英国 Komite t gosuda rstvennoj bezopa snosti KGB 俄语 苏联国家安全委员会 缩写音译为克格勃 Compact Disc CD拼写简化 编辑 拼写简化 short form 只在书写上缩减 并不会改变词的读法 一部分拼写简化属于中略 这种缩写今时美式英语一般会在後面加一个缩寫点 英式英语中略时则不会加点 4 p167 170 22 如 abbreviation abbr 或 abbrev Doctor Dr 美 或 Dr 英 Company Co building bldg 美 或 bldg 英 Street St 英美 英式英语加有缩写点 为免与Saint 聖人 混淆 Road Rd 美 或 Rd 英 Boulevard Blvd 美 或 Blvd 英 Verb V 音节缩写 编辑 截音词 编辑 截音 英语 Clipping morphology 是截取词语的一部分作为缩略语的方法 是一种音节缩写 英语 syllabic abbreviation 如 telephone phone examination exam mathematics math laboratory lab facsimile fax memorandum memo influenza flu短语的音节缩写 编辑 参见 混成词 一些缩略语由复合词或短语中截取一部分音节構成 这些缩略语也是典型的音节缩写 这种缩略语一般用于专有名词 这种音节缩写容易與混成词 英文 portmanteau 或 blend word 混淆 虽然两者的意义和读音来自两个以上的语素 23 24 25 26 但混成词并没有一个作为原型的短语 例如 International police Interpol 国际刑警组织 Legislative Council Legco 香港立法会 与英語 法語相比 音节缩写在德語與俄語比較常見 纳粹时期及之前的德国 蘇聯為了新的官僚機構命名時 非常盛行使用音节缩写 如 Schutzpolizist Schupo 德语 保护警察 英语 Schutzpolizei Geheime Staats Polizei Gestapo 德语 秘密国家警察 缩写音译为蓋世太保 Vsesoyuznyj Leninskij Kommunisticheskij Soyuz Molodyozhi Komsomol 俄语 苏联共青团 Kommunisticheskij internacional Komintern 俄语 共产国际 后来的德國人 包括东德 仍然会使用音节缩写 如 Kriminalpolizei Kripo 德语 罪案調查警察 德语 Kriminalpolizei Staatssicherheit 意为 国家安全 Stasi 德语 东德的国家安全部 缩写音译为斯塔西 Volkspolizist Vopo 德语 东德人民警察 语素缩写 编辑 语素是由词 短语中的詞或语素構成缩略语的缩写方法 这是汉语 日语里面最常见的缩写类型之一 由于汉语是非常典型的孤立语 其语素单位大部分时候与音节单位契合 所以往往也可以视为音节缩写 如 北京大学 北大 掃除文盲 掃盲 擺脫貧窮 脫貧 人民警察 民警 民意代表 民代 立法委員 立委 欧洲联盟 欧盟 东南亚国家联盟 东盟 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟 苏联 中國共產黨 中共 国際連合 国連 日语 联合国 東京大学 東大 日语 东京大学 汉语也会由从词 短语甚至句子中抽出相同的语素 与数词 或再加量词 構成缩略语 如 世界观 人生观 价值观 三观 農業 工業 國防和科學技術的現代化 四個現代化 四化 始终代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求 始终代表中国先进文化的前进方向 始终代表中国最广大人民的根本利益 三个代表参考文献 编辑 brevis breve brevis M Latin is Simple Online Dictionary www latin is simple com 2018 03 29 原始内容存档于2021 04 29 存档副本 2022 02 10 原始内容存档于2022 07 10 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室 编 现代汉语词典 3版 修订本 北京 商务印书馆 1996 ISBN 978 7 100 01777 0 简体中文 4 0 4 1 New Hart s Rules The handbook of style for writers and editors Oxford University Press 2005 2018 07 27 ISBN 0 19 861041 6 原始内容存档于2021 04 29 引用错误 带有name属性 harts 的 lt ref gt 标签用不同内容定义了多次 Merriam Webster Inc Merriam Webster s Dictionary of English Usage 1994 ISBN 0 87779 132 5 pp 21 22 acronyms A number of commentators as Copperud 1970 Janis 1984 Howard 1984 believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words Dictionaries however do not make this distinction because writers in general do not The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym P M Parts Precision Metal Molding January 1966 Users of the term acronym make no distinction between those pronounced as words and those pronounced as a series of characters Jean Praninskas Trade Name Creation 1968 It is not J C B s fault that its name let alone its acronym is not a household word among European scholars Times Literary Supp 5 February 1970 the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms words formed from the first letters of other words Bernard Weinraub N Y Times 11 December 1978 Pyles amp Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into initialisms which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names and word acronyms which are pronounced as words Initialism an older word than acronym seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with acronym in a narrow sense acronym The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English 1991 Oxford University Press p 12 a word usu ally pronounced as such formed from the initial letters of other words e g Ernie laser Nato acronym Cambridge Dictionary of American English 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed October 5 2008 a word created from the first letters of each word in a series of words acronym The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 1 A word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name such as NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization or by combining the initial letters or parts of a series of words such as radar from radio detecting and ranging 2 Usage Problem An initialism Usage Note In strict usage the term acronym refers to a word made from the initial letters or parts of other words such as sonar from so und na vigation and r anging The distinguishing feature of an acronym is that it is pronounced as if it were a single word in the manner of NATO and NASA Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like FBI and NIH whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision it may be lost on many people for whom the term acronym refers to both kinds of abbreviations acronym Collins Dictionaries 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 a pronounceable name made up of a series of initial letters or parts of words for example UNESCO for the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization acronym Cambridge Dictionaries Online 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something pronounced as a word AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome acronym Cambridge Dictionaries Online 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 Acronyms are words which are formed from the first letters of other words and which are pronounced as full words acronym Wordsmyth the Priemier Educational Dictionary Thesaurus 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 a type of abbreviation used as a word formed by combining the initial letters or initial parts of words that make up a particular string The pronunciation of an acronym is based on the typical rules of pronouncing words in a language and is not made up of the sounds of the names of individual letters NASA is an acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration The abbreviations FBI and DVD are not acronyms but AIDS FICA and PIN are acronym NetLingo the Internet Dictionary 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 Derived from the first letters of a phrase acronyms are meant to make the phrase easier to say and remember With an acronym the first letter of each word makes up a new word that is in fact pronounceable for example SNAFU is pronounced sna foo and WOMBAT is pronounced wahm bat acronym Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing 2012 Stedman A pronounceable word formed from the initial letters of each word or selected words in a phrase e g AIDS acronym AES Pro Audio Reference 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 A word formed from the first letters of a name such as laser for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words such as radar for radio detecting and ranging The requirement of forming a word is what distinguishes an acronym from an abbreviation or initialism as it is also called Thus modem modulator demodulator is an acronym and AES Audio Engineering Society is an abbreviation or initialism The Correct Use of Acronyms and Initialisms Scribendi Proofreading Services 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase It is pronounced as if it were a word Examples of common acronyms include SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome and UNICEF United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund The Difference Between an Acronym and an Initialism Today I Found Out 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase It is pronounced as if it were a word Examples of common acronyms include SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome and UNICEF United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund Crystal David 1995 Abbreviation The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 55985 5 p 120 Under the heading Types of Abbreviation this article separately lists initialisms and acronyms describing the latter as Initialisms pronounced as single words but adds However some linguists do not recognize a sharp distinction between acronyms and initialisms but use the former term for both The 10 Most Misunderstood Terms in IT TechTarget 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 An acronym is not any abbreviation just one that forms a sayable word Apart from that confusion acronyms and other abbreviations cause confusion any time a reader is likely not to know what the spelled out version is initialism Online Etymology Dictionary 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed August 13 2015 initialism n word formed from the first letters of other words or a phrase 1957 from initial n ism The distinction from acronym is not universally agreed upon in general words such as NATO where the letters form a word are regarded as acronyms those such as FBI where the letters sound as letters are initialisms The use of acronym in entries in this dictionary that are technically initialisms is a deliberate error because many people only know to search for all such words under acronym dGuide to the Third Edition of the OED Oxford English Dictionary 2010 08 19 2012 12 19 原始内容存档于2015 09 06 Allen Robert 编 Full stop Pocket Fowler s Modern English Usage 2nd Oxford University Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 19172707 8 What is a portmanteau morph LinguaLinks Library 2003 原始内容存档于2008 06 19 Thomas David An invitation to grammar Summer Institute of Linguistics Bangkok Mahidol University 9 1983 Crystal David A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics 2nd New York Basil Blackwell 237 1985 Hartmann R R K Stork F C Dictionary of language and linguistics London Applied Science 180 1972 注释 编辑 源自拉丁文 brevis 意为 短 1 参见 编辑 语言主题 冗餘首字母縮寫綜合症 逆向首字母缩略词 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 縮寫 amp oldid 74145775, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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