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基數投票制

基數投票制指任何允許選民分別評估每位候選人的選舉制度,通常爲分數或等級的評價。[1]這些選舉制度也被稱爲「評分」(評分投票)、「評估」、「評級」或「絕對」投票制。[2][3]基於基數效用的基數制與基於序數效用英语Ordinal utility序數制,是除多數制外,現代投票制度的兩大類別。[4][5][6]

在評分選票上,選民可以獨立地對每位候選人評分。

变種

 
贊成投票沒有排名,不具備排他性。
 
多數判断投票基于等級,就像學校中的成績一樣。

多種投票制度允許選民分別評估每位候選人,如:

  • 贊成投票(英語:approval rating,AV),最簡單的制度,祇允許 2 個等級(0、1):「贊成」與「不贊成」。[7]
  • 評估投票(英語:evaluated rating,EV)或混合贊成投票英语combined approval voting(英語:combined approval rating,CAV),採用 3 個等級(−1、0、+1):「反對」、「棄權」與「支持」。[7][8][9]
  • 計分投票或範圍投票,以數字評分,擁有最高的平均或總和[10][11]評分的候選人獲勝。
  • 最高中位數規則英语Highest median voting rules,選舉具有最高中位數評級的候選人。[16]不同的最高中位數規則,以不同的方法打破平局。多數判斷英语majority judgment的等級以詞語表述,如「優秀」至「差」。多數判斷是最高中位數規則最常見的例子,因爲它在此類規則中最早被研究,但此後也有其他規則被提出,如典型判斷與常規判斷英语Usual judgment[17]
  • STAR投票英语STAR voting,評分爲 0–5。總分最高的兩名候選人,在多數投票中評分更高的一位獲勝。[18][19][20]
  • 多數贊成投票,巴克林投票計分的變體,通常使用字母等級,如「A」至「F」。[21]
  • 3-2-1 投票,投票者評價每位候選人爲「好」、「尚可」或「壞」。投票結果以三個自動淘汰步驟計算:第一步選擇「好」評分最多的三位候選人。第二步選擇「壞」最少的兩位。最後一步,大多數人喜歡的一位獲勝。[22][23]

此外,數個基數制具有多勝者選舉的變體,通常是爲了達到比例代表,如:

  • 比例贊成投票英语Proportional approval voting
  • 順序比例贊成投票英语Sequential proportional approval voting
  • 滿意贊成投票英语Satisfaction approval voting
  • 重新加權範圍投票[24]

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Baujard, Antoinette; Gavrel, Frédéric; Igersheim, Herrade; Laslier, Jean-François; Lebon, Isabelle. (PDF). European Journal of Political Economy. 2017-09, 55: 14–28 [2021-09-04]. ISSN 0176-2680. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.006. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-05-12) (英语). A key feature of evaluative voting is a form of independence: the voter can evaluate all the candidates in turn . . . another feature of evaluative voting . . . is that voters can express some degree of preference. 
  2. ^ . Electowiki. [2017-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-22) (英语). 
  3. ^ . Electowiki. [2017-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-19) (英语). 
  4. ^ Riker, William Harrison. Liberalism against populism: A confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice. Waveland Pr. 1982: 29–30. ISBN 0881333670. OCLC 316034736 (英语). Ordinal utility is a measure of preferences in terms of rank orders—that is, first, second, etc. . . . Cardinal utility is a measure of preferences on a scale of cardinal numbers, such as the scale from zero to one or the scale from one to ten. 
  5. ^ Ordinal versus cardinal voting rules: A mechanism design approach (英语). 
  6. ^ Vasiljev, Sergei. Cardinal voting: The way to escape the social choice impossibility. 2008-04. SSRN 1116545  (英语). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hillinger, Claude. . Open Access LMU. 2005-05-01 [2018-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-25) (英语). Specific UV rules that have been proposed are approval voting, allowing the scores 0, 1; range voting, allowing all numbers in an interval as scores; evaluative voting, allowing the scores −1, 0, 1. 
  8. ^ Hillinger, Claude. On the possibility of democracy and rational collective choice. Rochester, NY. 2004-10-01. SSRN 608821  (英语). I favor 'evaluative voting' under which a voter can vote for or against any alternative, or abstain. 
  9. ^ Felsenthal, Dan S. On combining approval with disapproval voting. Behavioral Science. 1989-01, 34 (1): 53–60. ISSN 0005-7940. doi:10.1002/bs.3830340105 (英语). under CAV he has three options—cast one vote in favor, abstain, or cast one vote against. 
  10. ^ . Social Choice and Beyond. [2016-12-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-25) (英语). with the winner being the one with the largest point total. Or, alternatively, the average may be computed and the one with the highest average wins 
  11. ^ . The Center for Election Science. 2015-05-21 [2016-12-10]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-25) (英语). Simplified forms of score voting automatically give skipped candidates the lowest possible score for the ballot they were skipped. Other forms have those ballots not affect the candidate’s rating at all. Those forms not affecting the candidates rating frequently make use of quotas. Quotas demand a minimum proportion of voters rate that candidate in some way before that candidate is eligible to win. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 . VoteUp. [2018-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-09) (英语). Score Voting—it's just like range voting except the scores are discrete instead of spanning a continuous range. 
  13. ^ . RangeVoting.org. [2018-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-07) (英语). The present page seems to conclude 0-9 is the best scale. 
  14. ^ . RangeVoting.org. [2018-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-16) (英语). Definition 1: For us "Range voting" shall mean the following voting method. Each voter provides as her vote, a set of real number scores, each in [0,1], one for each candidate. The candidate with greatest score-sum, is elected. 
  15. ^ Smith, Warren D. (PDF). 2000-12 [2021-09-04]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-08-20) (英语). The “range voting” system is as follows. In a c-candidate election, you select a vector of c real numbers, each of absolute value ≤1, as your vote. E.g. you could vote (+1, −1, +.3, −.9, +1) in a five-candidate election. The vote-vectors are summed to get a c-vector x and the winner is the i such that xi is maximum. 
  16. ^ Balinski, Michel; Laraki, Rida. A theory of measuring, electing, and ranking. 美國國家科學院院刊. 2007, 104 (21): 8720–8725. PMC 1885569 . PMID 17496140. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702634104 (英语). 
  17. ^ Fabre, Adrien. Tie-breaking the highest median: Alternatives to the majority judgment (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 2020. doi:10.1007/s00355-020-01269-9 (英语). 
  18. ^ . Equal Vote Coalition. [2018-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-01) (英语). 
  19. ^ . The Register Guard. [2018-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-06) (英语). 
  20. ^ . Independent voter news. 2018-02-01 [2018-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10) (美国英语). 
  21. ^ . Electowiki. [2018-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-20) (英语). 
  22. ^ . Electowiki. [2021-09-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-16) (英语). 
  23. ^ Quinn, Jameson. . Jameson Quinn. 2017-05-28 [2018-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10) (英语). 
  24. ^ . RangeVoting.org. [2018-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-18) (英语). 

基數投票制, 指任何允許選民分別評估每位候選人的選舉制度, 通常爲分數或等級的評價, 這些選舉制度也被稱爲, 評分, 評分投票, 評估, 評級, 絕對, 投票制, 基於基數效用的基數制與基於序數效用, 英语, ordinal, utility, 的序數制, 是除多數制外, 現代投票制度的兩大類別, 在評分選票上, 選民可以獨立地對每位候選人評分, 变種, 编辑, 贊成投票沒有排名, 不具備排他性, 多數判断投票基于等級, 就像學校中的成績一樣, 多種投票制度允許選民分別評估每位候選人, 贊成投票, 英語, appr. 基數投票制指任何允許選民分別評估每位候選人的選舉制度 通常爲分數或等級的評價 1 這些選舉制度也被稱爲 評分 評分投票 評估 評級 或 絕對 投票制 2 3 基於基數效用的基數制與基於序數效用 英语 Ordinal utility 的序數制 是除多數制外 現代投票制度的兩大類別 4 5 6 在評分選票上 選民可以獨立地對每位候選人評分 变種 编辑 贊成投票沒有排名 不具備排他性 多數判断投票基于等級 就像學校中的成績一樣 多種投票制度允許選民分別評估每位候選人 如 贊成投票 英語 approval rating AV 最簡單的制度 祇允許 2 個等級 0 1 贊成 與 不贊成 7 評估投票 英語 evaluated rating EV 或混合贊成投票 英语 combined approval voting 英語 combined approval rating CAV 採用 3 個等級 1 0 1 反對 棄權 與 支持 7 8 9 計分投票或範圍投票 以數字評分 擁有最高的平均或總和 10 11 評分的候選人獲勝 計分投票採用離散的整數尺度 通常爲 0 5 或 0 9 12 13 範圍投票採用 0 1 連續的尺度 7 12 14 15 最高中位數規則 英语 Highest median voting rules 選舉具有最高中位數評級的候選人 16 不同的最高中位數規則 以不同的方法打破平局 多數判斷 英语 majority judgment 的等級以詞語表述 如 優秀 至 差 多數判斷是最高中位數規則最常見的例子 因爲它在此類規則中最早被研究 但此後也有其他規則被提出 如典型判斷與常規判斷 英语 Usual judgment 17 STAR投票 英语 STAR voting 評分爲 0 5 總分最高的兩名候選人 在多數投票中評分更高的一位獲勝 18 19 20 多數贊成投票 巴克林投票計分的變體 通常使用字母等級 如 A 至 F 21 3 2 1 投票 投票者評價每位候選人爲 好 尚可 或 壞 投票結果以三個自動淘汰步驟計算 第一步選擇 好 評分最多的三位候選人 第二步選擇 壞 最少的兩位 最後一步 大多數人喜歡的一位獲勝 22 23 此外 數個基數制具有多勝者選舉的變體 通常是爲了達到比例代表 如 比例贊成投票 英语 Proportional approval voting 順序比例贊成投票 英语 Sequential proportional approval voting 滿意贊成投票 英语 Satisfaction approval voting 重新加權範圍投票 24 參見 编辑基數 波達計數法參考資料 编辑 Baujard Antoinette Gavrel Frederic Igersheim Herrade Laslier Jean Francois Lebon Isabelle How voters use grade scales in evaluative voting PDF European Journal of Political Economy 2017 09 55 14 28 2021 09 04 ISSN 0176 2680 doi 10 1016 j ejpoleco 2017 09 006 原始内容 PDF 存档于2022 05 12 英语 A key feature of evaluative voting is a form of independence the voter can evaluate all the candidates in turn another feature of evaluative voting is that voters can express some degree of preference Cardinal voting systems Electowiki 2017 01 31 原始内容存档于2022 02 22 英语 Voting system Electowiki 2017 01 31 原始内容存档于2021 12 19 英语 Riker William Harrison Liberalism against populism A confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice Waveland Pr 1982 29 30 ISBN 0881333670 OCLC 316034736 英语 Ordinal utility is a measure of preferences in terms of rank orders that is first second etc Cardinal utility is a measure of preferences on a scale of cardinal numbers such as the scale from zero to one or the scale from one to ten Ordinal versus cardinal voting rules A mechanism design approach 英语 Vasiljev Sergei Cardinal voting The way to escape the social choice impossibility 2008 04 SSRN 1116545 英语 7 0 7 1 7 2 Hillinger Claude The case for utilitarian voting Open Access LMU 2005 05 01 2018 05 15 原始内容存档于2020 04 25 英语 Specific UV rules that have been proposed are approval voting allowing the scores 0 1 range voting allowing all numbers in an interval as scores evaluative voting allowing the scores 1 0 1 Hillinger Claude On the possibility of democracy and rational collective choice Rochester NY 2004 10 01 SSRN 608821 英语 I favor evaluative voting under which a voter can vote for or against any alternative or abstain Felsenthal Dan S On combining approval with disapproval voting Behavioral Science 1989 01 34 1 53 60 ISSN 0005 7940 doi 10 1002 bs 3830340105 英语 under CAV he has three options cast one vote in favor abstain or cast one vote against Range Voting Social Choice and Beyond 2016 12 10 原始内容存档于2016 08 25 英语 with the winner being the one with the largest point total Or alternatively the average may be computed and the one with the highest average wins Score Voting The Center for Election Science 2015 05 21 2016 12 10 原始内容存档于2019 01 25 英语 Simplified forms of score voting automatically give skipped candidates the lowest possible score for the ballot they were skipped Other forms have those ballots not affect the candidate s rating at all Those forms not affecting the candidates rating frequently make use of quotas Quotas demand a minimum proportion of voters rate that candidate in some way before that candidate is eligible to win 12 0 12 1 Should you be using a more expressive voting system VoteUp 2018 05 15 原始内容存档于2017 09 09 英语 Score Voting it s just like range voting except the scores are discrete instead of spanning a continuous range Rating scale research RangeVoting org 2018 05 15 原始内容存档于2019 05 07 英语 The present page seems to conclude 0 9 is the best scale Good criteria support range voting RangeVoting org 2018 05 15 原始内容存档于2018 05 16 英语 Definition 1 For us Range voting shall mean the following voting method Each voter provides as her vote a set of real number scores each in 0 1 one for each candidate The candidate with greatest score sum is elected Smith Warren D Range voting PDF 2000 12 2021 09 04 原始内容 PDF 存档于2018 08 20 英语 The range voting system is as follows In a c candidate election you select a vector of c real numbers each of absolute value 1 as your vote E g you could vote 1 1 3 9 1 in a five candidate election The vote vectors are summed to get a c vector x and the winner is the i such that xi is maximum Balinski Michel Laraki Rida A theory of measuring electing and ranking 美國國家科學院院刊 2007 104 21 8720 8725 PMC 1885569 PMID 17496140 doi 10 1073 pnas 0702634104 英语 Fabre Adrien Tie breaking the highest median Alternatives to the majority judgment PDF Social Choice and Welfare 2020 doi 10 1007 s00355 020 01269 9 英语 STAR Voting Equal Vote Coalition 2018 07 14 原始内容存档于2020 07 01 英语 STAR voting an intriguing innovation The Register Guard 2018 07 14 原始内容存档于2018 08 06 英语 Are we witnessing the cutting edge of voting reform Independent voter news 2018 02 01 2018 07 14 原始内容存档于2021 02 10 美国英语 Majority approval voting Electowiki 2018 08 26 原始内容存档于2021 04 20 英语 3 2 1 voting Electowiki 2021 09 04 原始内容存档于2022 04 16 英语 Quinn Jameson Make All Votes Count Part II Single winner Jameson Quinn 2017 05 28 2018 07 14 原始内容存档于2021 04 10 英语 Reweighted range voting A PR voting method that feels like range voting RangeVoting org 2018 03 24 原始内容存档于2019 06 18 英语 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 基數投票制 amp oldid 72158546, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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