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卢拉主义

卢拉主义(葡萄牙語:Lulismo)是指2006年以前对社运劳工党怀有敌意的巴西社会各阶层在时任总统路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦领导下确立的意识形态[16]。思想中,受限的改良主义和有限的结构变革侧重于贫困阶级[17]。与卢拉保持距离的下层阶级在卢拉第一任期届满后投票使他在中产阶级的反对下获得候选人资格。将维护国家稳定与国家分配主义统一起来的说辞实践是卢拉主义的起源[16]。卢氏在提倡社会主义的同时,追求一种以市场为导向逐步解决贫富差距的“社会自由主义”方式[3][18]

卢拉主义
Lulismo
领袖路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦
创始人路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦
成立2003年,​20年前​(2003
党员劳工党
意識形態
政治立場中间偏左[A][13][14]

^  A:  劳工党是一个中间偏左左翼的政党,但卢拉本人属党内温和派,在巴西政治光谱里被认为接近于中间派至中间偏左。[15]

巴西制造商、银行和零售商因“以消费为主导、以信贷为动力”的政府经济模式而受益[19]。安德烈·辛格称由此提出了“卢拉主义”:

这种平衡使政府逐渐在政策上做出重大改变。在卢拉主义运动中,不对抗是发展的必要条件。上文所述内容是拉美21世纪社会主义浪潮的一部分[21]

确立

“卢拉主义”一词由政治学家安德烈·辛格所制,他在2003年至2005年担任卢拉的新闻秘书,并在2002年至2007年任总统发言人[17][22][23][24]。在卢拉于2001年放弃劳工党左翼路线后,他于2002年总统竞选中提出了“卢拉主义”[16] ,并扬弃了组织和动员的概念。由于卢拉主义谋求在秩序中实现变革,因此不必动员,冲突自然也不复存在[23]

2009年为千禧研究所撰写的一篇文章称,在“卢拉主义推行六年”之后,“自由主义者被逼上梁山”。帕特里夏·卡洛斯·德·安德拉德认可该论点:“据她表示,‘自由’一词在巴西被视为‘右翼’或‘支持军事独裁’的同义词。辛格说,在舆论战中,所谓的左派总占上风[25]。”

卢拉主义寻求卢拉与巴西保守派之间的和解[23][26]。讽刺的是[27],这套本就保守的社会契约将费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐(1995年至2002年执政)的经济政策与卢拉政府(2002年至2010年执政)的分产政策合二为一[22]

在和解的支持下[28],卢拉主义代表着“社会冲突的缓和,资产阶级一直[都]极度惧怕,尤其是在像巴西这样的阶级分明的国家”,因为它设想“在软弱的改革主义的支持下遏制贫困和不平等现象的蔓延”[27]。这种社会变革模式被解释为“现代化的保守变体”,其中国家“在利用最贫困人口方面发挥着突出作用”,以免使巴西的社会阶层发生巨变(换句话说,以免与保守精英发生经济利益冲突)[28]。卢拉主义“炮制出新的意识形态、联盟不足的旗帜,似乎结合了”卢拉和卡多佐政府基于三大支柱的宏观经济政策的连续性,即通胀控制、浮动汇率和预算盈余[16]

将卢拉主义视为政治运动的另一个特征是它的无党派性。但该思想的概念与政党重叠,包括卢拉一手创立的劳工党[29]

巴西政坛在后来发生了一连串事件(譬如弹劾迪尔玛·罗塞夫被弹劾、卢拉于2018年4月7日被捕以及米歇尔·特梅尔劳动法改革)[30],一些政治评论员就此正在争论卢拉主义的下一阶段,如今这套思想变得更激进,更左倾[31]

遗产

几位拉美政治家(如奥兰塔·胡马拉何塞·穆希卡毛里西奥·富内斯费尔南多·卢戈)都将卢拉主义和查韦斯主义作为一种政治模式并用于取代华盛顿共识[32]

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Samuels, D. (2004). From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers’ Party in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 999–1024. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268856
  2. ^ Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America?. [29 December 2021]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Alejandro M. Peña (编). Transnational Governance and South American Politics: The Political Economy of Norms. Springer. 2016: 240. ISBN 9781137538635. In this manner, while the social liberalism of Lulismo favored the agenda of the local actors advancing sustainability and CSR projects in Brazil, and further tilted the discursive field in favor of the transnational sustainability ... 
  4. ^ Francisco Luiz Corsi; José Marangoni Camargo; Agnaldo dos Santos; Rosângela de Lima Vieira (编). Economia e Sociedade: o Brasil e a América Latina na conjuntura de crise do capitalismo global. Editora Oficina Universitária. 2014. 
  5. ^ Giuseppe Cocco; Bruno Cava (编). New Neoliberalism and the Other: Biopower, Anthropophagy, and Living Money. Lexington Books. 2018: XIX. ISBN 9781498526678. 
  6. ^ Gomercindo Rodrigues (编). Walking the Forest with Chico Mendes: Struggle for Justice in the Amazon. University of Texas Press. 2009. ISBN 9780292774544. Later, as the military regime waned, he was one of the national founders of the Workers' Party (PT), personally allying with the urban union leader, now president of Brazil, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. He, Lula, and the PT in turn allied themselves with the cause of democratic socialism around the world. 
  7. ^ John Ashley Soames Grenville (编). A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century. Psychology Press. 2010: 702. ISBN 9780415289559. Lula da Silva set out to show that contemporary 'liberal socialism' can work with the market and capitalism for the benefit of all the people, while promoting public serviccs. 
  8. ^ Lula's Political Economy: Crisis and Continuity. NACLA. [2022-03-16] (英语). 
  9. ^ Oliveira, André de. Lincoln Secco: "TRF-4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical, sem Lula e sem o PT, como é o peronismo". El País. 28 January 2018 [10 June 2018] (Portuguese). 
  10. ^ Schreiber, Leon Amos. The third way in Brazil? Lula's presidency examined (学位论文). Stellenbosch University. 2011 [8 November 2016]. 
  11. ^ Luiz C. Barbosa (编). Guardians of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: Environmental Organizations and Development. Routledge. 2015: 43. ISBN 9781317577645. Lula da Silva's form of economic liberalism can be classified as “socialist neoliberalism.” This means that one uses the wealth generated by the market to finance social programs to lift people out of poverty. 
  12. ^ C. Wylde (编). Latin America After Neoliberalism: Developmental Regimes in Post-Crisis States. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012: 206. ISBN 9780230301597. In Brazil Lula too adopted fiscally conservative policies 
  13. ^ Claire Rigby (14 November 2016). "How Lula's party fell from grace: the toppling of the Brazilian left". New Statesman. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  14. ^ Daniel Gallas (29 March 2016). "Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month". BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  15. ^ Lula, Brazil's popular ex-president, battles for 2022 political comeback. France 24. 12 June 2021 [21 January 2022]. Upon his return to Brazil, and ahead of an upcoming trip to the United States, Lula will continue to make full use of the electoral strategy that won him the presidency in 2002: Talking to a variety of people, and negotiating with and rallying political forces beyond his Workers’ Party (PT), particularly from the centre of the political spectrum. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Singer, André. Raízes sociais e ideológicas do lulismo [Social and ideological roots of Lulism]. Novos Estudos - CEBRAP. 2009, (85): 83–102. doi:10.1590/S0101-33002009000300004  (Portuguese).  引用错误:带有name属性“Singer2009”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Brazil: Is 'Lulism' over?. Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal. 23 June 2013 [30 September 2015].  引用错误:带有name属性“Brazil: Is 'Lulism' over?”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  18. ^ Richard Sandbrook (编). Reinventing the Left in the Global South: The Politics of the Possible. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 155. ... President Luiz Inácio (Lula) de Silva during his first term (2003–6) followed social-liberal policies ... 
  19. ^ Casanova & Kassum 2014,第32頁.
  20. ^ BNCC's Mission. Brazilian-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce. [30 September 2013]. 
  21. ^ Lula +10: results and evolution of "Lulism". Brazilian-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce. [30 September 2015]. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Werneck, Paulo. Cientista político André Singer explica sua tese sobre o lulismo. Folha de S. Paulo. 19 August 2012 [8 October 2018] (Portuguese). 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Galhardo, Ricardo. André Singer: 'O lulismo não é um monopólio do PT'. Último Segundo. 30 September 2012 [8 October 2018]. 
  24. ^ Lula + 10: Achievements, directions and challenges of the social transformations in Brazil. NorLARNet. 11 April 2013 [30 September 2015]. 
  25. ^ Allan, Ricardo. Conversa com Patrícia. Instituto Millenium. 3 June 2009 [28 December 2012] (Portuguese). 
  26. ^ Gindre, Gustavo. Gustavo Gindre: Dilma e o esgotamento do lulismo. Viomundo. 28 June 2013 [8 October 2018] (Portuguese). 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Becker, Fernanda; David, Anthony. . Brasil de Fato. 3 January 2013 [8 October 2018]. (原始内容存档于27 September 2013) (Portuguese). 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Keinert, Fábio Cardoso. Os sentidos do lulismo: reforma gradual e pacto conservador [The meanings of Lulism: gradual reform and conservative pact]. Tempo Social. November 2012, 24 (2): 255–260. doi:10.1590/S0103-20702012000200014  (Portuguese). 
  29. ^ Duarte, Rachel. Em 30 anos de PT, Lula se tornou maior do que o partido. Sul 21. 7 October 2010 [24 October 2010] (Portuguese). 
  30. ^ L13467. 4 July 2017 [8 October 2018] (葡萄牙语). 
  31. ^ Oliveira, André de. Lincoln Secco: "TRF-4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical, sem Lula e sem o PT, como é o peronismo". El País. 28 January 2018 [10 June 2018] (Portuguese). 
  32. ^ Lulismo seduz América Latina mas é difícil de copiar. O Globo. 23 June 2011 [28 April 2012] (Portuguese). 

参考书目

  • Casanova, Lourdes; Kassum, Julian. The Political Economy of an Emerging Global Power: In Search of the Brazil Dream. Palgrave Macmillan. 4 June 2014 [13 August 2015]. ISBN 978-1-137-35236-1. 
  • Ricci, Rudá. Lulismo: da era dos movimentos sociais à ascensão da nova classe média brasileira : de como o discurso anti-institucionalista dos anos 80 deu lugar ao líder da conclusão da modernização conservadora em nosso país. Fundação Astrojildo Pereira. 1 January 2010 [12 August 2015]. ISBN 978-85-89216-28-9. 
  • Singer, André. Os sentidos do lulismo. Companhia das Letras. 30 August 2012 [12 August 2015]. ISBN 978-85-8086-358-1. 

卢拉主义, 葡萄牙語, lulismo, 是指2006年以前对社运和劳工党怀有敌意的巴西社会各阶层在时任总统路易斯, 伊纳西奥, 卢拉, 达席尔瓦领导下确立的意识形态, 思想中, 受限的改良主义和有限的结构变革侧重于贫困阶级, 与卢拉保持距离的下层阶级在卢拉第一任期届满后投票使他在中产阶级的反对下获得候选人资格, 将维护国家稳定与国家分配主义统一起来的说辞和实践是的起源, 卢氏在提倡社会主义的同时, 追求一种以市场为导向逐步解决贫富差距的, 社会自由主义, 方式, lulismo标志领袖路易斯, 伊纳西奥, 卢拉,. 卢拉主义 葡萄牙語 Lulismo 是指2006年以前对社运和劳工党怀有敌意的巴西社会各阶层在时任总统路易斯 伊纳西奥 卢拉 达席尔瓦领导下确立的意识形态 16 思想中 受限的改良主义和有限的结构变革侧重于贫困阶级 17 与卢拉保持距离的下层阶级在卢拉第一任期届满后投票使他在中产阶级的反对下获得候选人资格 将维护国家稳定与国家分配主义统一起来的说辞和实践是卢拉主义的起源 16 卢氏在提倡社会主义的同时 追求一种以市场为导向逐步解决贫富差距的 社会自由主义 方式 3 18 卢拉主义 Lulismo卢拉主义标志领袖路易斯 伊纳西奥 卢拉 达席尔瓦创始人路易斯 伊纳西奥 卢拉 达席尔瓦成立2003年 20年前 2003 党员劳工党意識形態社会民主主义 1 2 社会自由主义 3 进步主义 4 5 民主社会主义 6 21世纪社会主义左翼民粹主义自由社会主义 7 凯恩斯主义 8 历史上 9 第三条道路 10 11 12 政治立場中间偏左 A 13 14 A 劳工党是一个中间偏左至左翼的政党 但卢拉本人属党内温和派 在巴西政治光谱里被认为接近于中间派至中间偏左 15 伊朗最高领袖阿里 哈梅内伊与巴西总统路易斯 伊纳西奥 卢拉 达席尔瓦会谈 巴西制造商 银行和零售商因 以消费为主导 以信贷为动力 的政府经济模式而受益 19 安德烈 辛格称由此提出了 卢拉主义 以私营工业部门为一方 以有组织的劳动力为另一方的利益趋于一致 继而取得平衡 也就使这套政治制度能够以某种共识落实 20 这种平衡使政府逐渐在政策上做出重大改变 在卢拉主义运动中 不对抗是发展的必要条件 上文所述内容是拉美21世纪社会主义浪潮的一部分 21 目录 1 确立 2 遗产 3 参见 4 参考文献 5 参考书目确立 编辑 卢拉主义 一词由政治学家安德烈 辛格所制 他在2003年至2005年担任卢拉的新闻秘书 并在2002年至2007年任总统发言人 17 22 23 24 在卢拉于2001年放弃劳工党左翼路线后 他于2002年总统竞选中提出了 卢拉主义 16 并扬弃了组织和动员的概念 由于卢拉主义谋求在秩序中实现变革 因此不必动员 冲突自然也不复存在 23 2009年为千禧研究所撰写的一篇文章称 在 卢拉主义推行六年 之后 自由主义者被逼上梁山 帕特里夏 卡洛斯 德 安德拉德认可该论点 据她表示 自由 一词在巴西被视为 右翼 或 支持军事独裁 的同义词 辛格说 在舆论战中 所谓的左派总占上风 25 卢拉主义寻求卢拉与巴西保守派之间的和解 23 26 讽刺的是 27 这套本就保守的社会契约将费尔南多 恩里克 卡多佐 1995年至2002年执政 的经济政策与卢拉政府 2002年至2010年执政 的分产政策合二为一 22 在和解的支持下 28 卢拉主义代表着 社会冲突的缓和 资产阶级一直 都 极度惧怕 尤其是在像巴西这样的阶级分明的国家 因为它设想 在软弱的改革主义的支持下遏制贫困和不平等现象的蔓延 27 这种社会变革模式被解释为 现代化的保守变体 其中国家 在利用最贫困人口方面发挥着突出作用 以免使巴西的社会阶层发生巨变 换句话说 以免与保守精英发生经济利益冲突 28 卢拉主义 炮制出新的意识形态 联盟不足的旗帜 似乎结合了 卢拉和卡多佐政府基于三大支柱的宏观经济政策的连续性 即通胀控制 浮动汇率和预算盈余 16 将卢拉主义视为政治运动的另一个特征是它的无党派性 但该思想的概念与政党重叠 包括卢拉一手创立的劳工党 29 巴西政坛在后来发生了一连串事件 譬如弹劾迪尔玛 罗塞夫被弹劾 卢拉于2018年4月7日被捕以及米歇尔 特梅尔劳动法改革 30 一些政治评论员就此正在争论卢拉主义的下一阶段 如今这套思想变得更激进 更左倾 31 遗产 编辑几位拉美政治家 如奥兰塔 胡马拉 何塞 穆希卡 毛里西奥 富内斯和费尔南多 卢戈 都将卢拉主义和查韦斯主义作为一种政治模式并用于取代华盛顿共识 32 参见 编辑释放卢拉运动 金砖国家 查韦斯主义 基什内尔主义参考文献 编辑 Samuels D 2004 From Socialism to Social Democracy Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers Party in Brazil Comparative Political Studies 37 9 999 1024 https doi org 10 1177 0010414004268856 Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America 29 December 2021 3 0 3 1 Alejandro M Pena 编 Transnational Governance and South American Politics The Political Economy of Norms Springer 2016 240 ISBN 9781137538635 In this manner while the social liberalism of Lulismo favored the agenda of the local actors advancing sustainability and CSR projects in Brazil and further tilted the discursive field in favor of the transnational sustainability Francisco Luiz Corsi Jose Marangoni Camargo Agnaldo dos Santos Rosangela de Lima Vieira 编 Economia e Sociedade o Brasil e a America Latina na conjuntura de crise do capitalismo global Editora Oficina Universitaria 2014 Giuseppe Cocco Bruno Cava 编 New Neoliberalism and the Other Biopower Anthropophagy and Living Money Lexington Books 2018 XIX ISBN 9781498526678 Gomercindo Rodrigues 编 Walking the Forest with Chico Mendes Struggle for Justice in the Amazon University of Texas Press 2009 ISBN 9780292774544 Later as the military regime waned he was one of the national founders of the Workers Party PT personally allying with the urban union leader now president of Brazil Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva He Lula and the PT in turn allied themselves with the cause of democratic socialism around the world John Ashley Soames Grenville 编 A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century Psychology Press 2010 702 ISBN 9780415289559 Lula da Silva set out to show that contemporary liberal socialism can work with the market and capitalism for the benefit of all the people while promoting public serviccs Lula s Political Economy Crisis and Continuity NACLA 2022 03 16 英语 Oliveira Andre de Lincoln Secco TRF 4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical sem Lula e sem o PT como e o peronismo El Pais 28 January 2018 10 June 2018 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link Schreiber Leon Amos The third way in Brazil Lula s presidency examined 学位论文 Stellenbosch University 2011 8 November 2016 Luiz C Barbosa 编 Guardians of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest Environmental Organizations and Development Routledge 2015 43 ISBN 9781317577645 Lula da Silva s form of economic liberalism can be classified as socialist neoliberalism This means that one uses the wealth generated by the market to finance social programs to lift people out of poverty C Wylde 编 Latin America After Neoliberalism Developmental Regimes in Post Crisis States Palgrave Macmillan 2012 206 ISBN 9780230301597 In Brazil Lula too adopted fiscally conservative policies Claire Rigby 14 November 2016 How Lula s party fell from grace the toppling of the Brazilian left New Statesman Retrieved 20 July 2017 Daniel Gallas 29 March 2016 Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month BBC News Retrieved 20 July 2017 Lula Brazil s popular ex president battles for 2022 political comeback France 24 12 June 2021 21 January 2022 Upon his return to Brazil and ahead of an upcoming trip to the United States Lula will continue to make full use of the electoral strategy that won him the presidency in 2002 Talking to a variety of people and negotiating with and rallying political forces beyond his Workers Party PT particularly from the centre of the political spectrum 16 0 16 1 16 2 16 3 Singer Andre Raizes sociais e ideologicas do lulismo Social and ideological roots of Lulism Novos Estudos CEBRAP 2009 85 83 102 doi 10 1590 S0101 33002009000300004 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link 引用错误 带有name属性 Singer2009 的 lt ref gt 标签用不同内容定义了多次 17 0 17 1 Brazil Is Lulism over Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal 23 June 2013 30 September 2015 引用错误 带有name属性 Brazil Is Lulism over 的 lt ref gt 标签用不同内容定义了多次 Richard Sandbrook 编 Reinventing the Left in the Global South The Politics of the Possible Cambridge University Press 2014 155 President Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva during his first term 2003 6 followed social liberal policies Casanova amp Kassum 2014 第32頁 BNCC s Mission Brazilian Norwegian Chamber of Commerce 30 September 2013 Lula 10 results and evolution of Lulism Brazilian Norwegian Chamber of Commerce 30 September 2015 22 0 22 1 Werneck Paulo Cientista politico Andre Singer explica sua tese sobre o lulismo Folha de S Paulo 19 August 2012 8 October 2018 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link 23 0 23 1 23 2 Galhardo Ricardo Andre Singer O lulismo nao e um monopolio do PT Ultimo Segundo 30 September 2012 8 October 2018 Lula 10 Achievements directions and challenges of the social transformations in Brazil NorLARNet 11 April 2013 30 September 2015 Allan Ricardo Conversa com Patricia Instituto Millenium 3 June 2009 28 December 2012 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link Gindre Gustavo Gustavo Gindre Dilma e o esgotamento do lulismo Viomundo 28 June 2013 8 October 2018 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link 27 0 27 1 Becker Fernanda David Anthony Os impasses do lulismo Brasil de Fato 3 January 2013 8 October 2018 原始内容存档于27 September 2013 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link 28 0 28 1 Keinert Fabio Cardoso Os sentidos do lulismo reforma gradual e pacto conservador The meanings of Lulism gradual reform and conservative pact Tempo Social November 2012 24 2 255 260 doi 10 1590 S0103 20702012000200014 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link Duarte Rachel Em 30 anos de PT Lula se tornou maior do que o partido Sul 21 7 October 2010 24 October 2010 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link L13467 4 July 2017 8 October 2018 葡萄牙语 Oliveira Andre de Lincoln Secco TRF 4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical sem Lula e sem o PT como e o peronismo El Pais 28 January 2018 10 June 2018 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link Lulismo seduz America Latina mas e dificil de copiar O Globo 23 June 2011 28 April 2012 Portuguese 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link 参考书目 编辑Casanova Lourdes Kassum Julian The Political Economy of an Emerging Global Power In Search of the Brazil Dream Palgrave Macmillan 4 June 2014 13 August 2015 ISBN 978 1 137 35236 1 Ricci Ruda Lulismo da era dos movimentos sociais a ascensao da nova classe media brasileira de como o discurso anti institucionalista dos anos 80 deu lugar ao lider da conclusao da modernizacao conservadora em nosso pais Fundacao Astrojildo Pereira 1 January 2010 12 August 2015 ISBN 978 85 89216 28 9 Singer Andre Os sentidos do lulismo Companhia das Letras 30 August 2012 12 August 2015 ISBN 978 85 8086 358 1 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 卢拉主义 amp oldid 76477872, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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