维基百科
內弗爾卡拉金字塔
此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2007年12月26日) |
內弗爾卡拉金字塔(英語:Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai)是位於埃及吉薩平原以南阿布西爾[3]大型墓地的一座金字塔,為古埃及第五王朝時興建,是當時所有金字塔中最高的一座。[4]
內弗爾卡拉金字塔 | |||||||||||||
地点 | 埃及阿布西爾 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
坐标 | 29°53′42″N 31°12′09″E / 29.89503°N 31.20244°E坐标:29°53′42″N 31°12′09″E / 29.89503°N 31.20244°E | ||||||||||||
古代名称 |
Bꜣ Nfr-ỉr-kꜣ-Rꜥ Ba Nefer-ir-ka-Re "Ba Neferirkare" Alternatively translated as "Neferirkare takes form"[2] | ||||||||||||
建造时间 | 前25世紀 | ||||||||||||
类型 | 真金字塔 | ||||||||||||
高度 | 72公尺以上 | ||||||||||||
基座 | 105公尺 | ||||||||||||
斜率 | 53°07'48 | ||||||||||||
维基共享资源上的相关媒体 | |||||||||||||
[编辑维基数据] |
第五王朝標誌著舊王國時期大金字塔建築的終結。那個時代的金字塔越來越小,越來越規範,雖然複雜的浮雕裝飾也激增。然而內弗爾卡拉金字塔卻偏離了慣例,因為它最初是作為階梯金字塔建造的:這種設計在第三王朝(公元前26或27世紀)之後就已經過時了。雖然興建工程在內弗爾卡拉死前並未完成,但這座金字塔原本高達70米;儘管金字塔的外部嚴重磨損,現時的高度也有五十多米。
参见
參考文獻
- ^ Borchardt 1909,第4頁.
- ^ Altenmüller 2001,第598頁.
- ^ Arnold 2003,第2頁.
- ^ Arnold 2003,第160頁.
- 書目
- Allen, James; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; et al. . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1999 [2022-04-17]. ISBN 978-0-8109-6543-0. OCLC 41431623. (原始内容存档于2021-05-07).
- Allen, James P. Heliopolis. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 88–89. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Altenmüller, Hartwig. Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 597–601. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Altenmüller, Hartwig. Funerary Boats and Boat Pits of the Old Kingdom. Coppens, Filip (编). (PDF) 70. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. 2002: 269–290 [2022-04-17]. ISSN 0044-8699. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-10-31).
|journal=
被忽略 (帮助);|issue=
被忽略 (帮助) - Arnold, Dieter. The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture. London: I.B Tauris & Co Ltd. 2003. ISBN 978-1-86064-465-8.
- Baines, John. Visual and Written Culture in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-815250-7.
- Bard, Kathryn. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. 2015. ISBN 978-1-118-89611-2.
- Bareš, Ladislav. The destruction of the monuments at the necropolis of Abusir. Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (编). Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. 2000: 1–16. ISBN 978-80-85425-39-0.
- Bárta, Miroslav. (PDF). Cambridge Archaeological Journal (Cambridge). 2005, 15 (2): 177–191. S2CID 161629772. doi:10.1017/s0959774305000090. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-02-28).
- Bárta, Miroslav. . CEGU FF. Český egyptologický ústav. 2015 [1 February 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-04).
- Bárta, Miroslav. . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. 2017 [2022-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-29).
- Borchardt, Ludwig. . Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Abusir. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Abusir; 5 : Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft; 11 (Leipzig: Hinrichs). 1909 [2022-04-17]. doi:10.11588/diglit.30508. (原始内容存档于2018-06-15) (德语).
- Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs. London: Thames & Hudson. 1994. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
- Davies, William V.; Friedman, Renée F. . New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. 1998 [2022-04-17]. ISBN 978-1-55670-818-3. (原始内容存档于2022-05-13).
- Dodson, Aidan. The Royal Tombs of Ancient Egypt. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4738-2159-0.
- Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.
- Dušek, Jan; Mynářová, Jana. Phoenician and Aramaic Inscriptions from Abusir. Botta, Alejandro (编). In the Shadow of Bezalel. Aramaic, Biblical, and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bezalel Porten. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 60. Leiden: Brill. 2012: 53–69. ISBN 978-90-04-24083-4.
- Edwards, Iorwerth. The pyramids of Egypt. Baltimore: Harmondsworth. 1975. ISBN 978-0-14-020168-0.
- Edwards, Iorwerth. Abusir. Bard, Kathryn (编). Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt . London; New York: Routledge. 1999: 97–99. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
- Goelet, Ogden. Abu Ghurab/Abusir after the 5th Dynasty. Bard, Kathryn (编). Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt . London; New York: Routledge. 1999: 87. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
- Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. 1992. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.
- Hayes, William C. The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1990 [1953]. OCLC 233920917.
- Isler, Martin. Sticks, Stones, and Shadows: Building the Egyptian Pyramids. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-8061-3342-3.
- Jefferys, David. Memphis. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 373–376. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Kahl, Jochem. Old Kingdom: Third Dynasty. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 591–593. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Krejčí, Jaromír. The origins and development of the royal necropolis at Abusir in the Old Kingdom. Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (编). Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. 2000: 467–484. ISBN 978-80-85425-39-0.
- Krejčí, Jaromír. . CEGU FF. Český egyptologický ústav. 2015 [21 January 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-04) (捷克语).
- Lehner, Mark. pyramids (Old Kingdom), construction of. Bard, Kathryn (编). Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt . London; New York: Routledge. 1999: 778–786. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
- Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2008. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3.
- Loprieno, Antonio. Old Kingdom, overview. Bard, Kathryn (编). Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt . London; New York: Routledge. 1999: 38–44. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
- Málek, Jaromír. Old Kingdom rulers as "local saints" in the Memphite area during the Old Kingdom. Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (编). Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. 2000: 241–258. ISBN 978-80-85425-39-0.
- Málek, Jaromír. The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC). Shaw, Ian (编). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003: 83–107. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
- Mariette, Auguste. Maspero, Gaston , 编. Les Mastabas de l'Ancien Empire: fragment du dernier ouvrage de Auguste Édouard Mariette. Paris: F. Vieweg. 1889. OCLC 10266163.
- Morales, Antonio J. Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom. Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (编). Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27 – July 5, 2005). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. 2006: 311–341. ISBN 978-80-7308-116-4.
- Myśliwiec, Karol. Atum. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 158−160. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Peck, William H. Lepsius, Karl Richard. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001: 289–290. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Sampsell, Bonnie. . The Ostracon (Denver). 2000, 11 (3) [2022-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-29).
- Seidlmayer, Stephen. The First Intermediate Period (c. 2160–2055 BC). Shaw, Ian (编). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003: 108–136. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
- Seters, John Van. In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. Warsaw, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 1997. ISBN 978-1-57506-013-2.
- Sethe, Kurt. Urkunden des Alten Reiches 1. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. 1933. OCLC 883262096 (德语).
- Shaw, Ian (编). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
- Strudwick, Nigel. Leprohon, Ronald , 编. . Leiden, Boston: Brill. 2005 [2022-04-17]. ISBN 978-90-04-13048-7. (原始内容存档于2022-04-22).
- Verner, Miroslav. (PDF). Prague: Academia Škodaexport. 1994. ISBN 978-80-200-0022-4. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-02-01).
- Verner, Miroslav. (PDF). Archiv Orientální (Prague). 2001a, 69 (3): 363–418 [2022-04-17]. ISSN 0044-8699. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04).
- Verner, Miroslav. Abusir. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001b: 5–7. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Verner, Miroslav. Old Kingdom. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001c: 585–591. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Verner, Miroslav. Pyramid. Redford, Donald B. (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001d: 87–95. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. 2001e. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8.
- Verner, Miroslav. . Cairo; New York: American Univ in Cairo Press. 2002 [2022-04-17]. ISBN 978-977-424-723-1. (原始内容存档于2022-02-15).
- Verner, Miroslav. . New York: Atlantic Books Ltd. 2014 [2022-04-17]. ISBN 978-1-78239-680-2. (原始内容存档于2021-11-18).