原發性副甲狀腺亢進(英语:Primary hyperparathyroidism)、癌症、结节病、结核病、佩吉特病(英语:Paget's disease of bone)、多發性內分泌腫瘤(英语:multiple endocrine neoplasia)、維生素D中毒(英语:vitamin D toxicity)[1][3]
^ 1.001.011.021.031.041.051.061.071.081.091.101.111.121.13Minisola, Salvatore; Pepe, Jessica; Piemonte, Sara; Cipriani, Cristiana. The diagnosis and management of hypercalcaemia. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2015-06-02, 350: h2723 [2019-04-27]. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 26037642. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2723. (原始内容于2019-04-13).
^ 2.02.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.8Soar, Jasmeet; Perkins, Gavin D.; Abbas, Gamal; Alfonzo, Annette; Barelli, Alessandro; Bierens, Joost J. L. M.; Brugger, Hermann; Deakin, Charles D.; Dunning, Joel. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. 2010-10, 81 (10): 1400–1433 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 1873-1570. PMID 20956045. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015. (原始内容于2021-05-14).
^ 3.03.1. PubMed Health. [27 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于8 September 2017).
^Pathy, M. S. J.; Sinclair, Alan (Alan J.); Morely, John E. Principles and practice of geriatric medicine 4th ed. Chichester: Wiley. 2006. ISBN 9780470090558. OCLC 62307621. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)