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维基百科

高熵合金

十二月 11, 2023

高熵合金（英語：High-entropy alloys、HEAs）簡稱HEA，通常是由五種或五種以上等量或相對比例金屬形成的新型合金。名為「高熵合金」是因為當混合物中存在大量元素混合時的熵增加實質上更高，並且比例更接近相等。[2]

面心立方結構CoCrFeMnNi原子結構[1]

由於高熵合金可能具有許多理想的性質，因此在材料科學及工程上相當受到重視[3]。相對於以往的典型金屬合金，合金主要的金屬成份可能只有一至兩種。例如會以鐵為基礎，再加入一些微量元素（碳、錳等）來提昇其特性，但因此所得的還是以鐵為主的合金[3]，其他元素比例實際相當低。過往的概念中，若合金中加的金屬種類越多，會使其材質脆化，但高熵合金和以往的合金不同，有多種金屬卻不會脆化，是一種新的材料[1][3][4]。

研究發現有些高熵合金的比強度比傳統合金好很多，而且抗断裂能力、抗拉強度、抗腐蝕及抗氧化特性都比傳統的合金要好。高熵合金在2004年以前就已問世，但在2010年代才有許多相關的研究[3][5][6][7][8][9]。

發展 编辑

儘管早在1981年[10]、1996年[11]、以及整個1980年代就考究了理論上可以存在高熵合金。但製造出這些特殊合金，還要到2004年。

據說葉均蔚博士是在1995年駕車穿越新竹鄉村時，想出了實際製造高熵合金方法。

高熵合金潛在應用包括用於潛艇、航天器、核武器、核反應堆[12]、噴氣式飛機、遠程高超音速導彈等等。[13][14]

在葉均蔚博士的論文發表幾個月後，布賴恩·康托爾（英语：Brian Cantor）、I. T. H. Chang、P. Knight、A. J. B. Vincent提交了關於高熵合金的獨立論文。

葉均蔚也是第一個提出「高熵合金」（英語：High-entropy alloys）一詞的人，他將高構型熵歸因於穩定固溶體相機制。[15]

儘管布賴恩·康托爾（英语：Brian Cantor）直到2004年葉均蔚論文發表幾個月後才發表論文，康托爾其實早在1970年代末1980年代初就完成了該領域的首項工作。康托爾（英语：Brian Cantor）由於不知道葉均蔚的工作，康托爾（英语：Brian Cantor）更喜歡稱「高熵合金」為「多組分合金、多元合金」（英語：multicomponent alloys）。康托爾（英语：Brian Cantor）開發了高熵合金FeCrMnNiCo合金，類似的衍生物也被稱為康托爾合金。[16]

在將高熵合金和多組分系統歸類為單獨一類材料之前，核科學家已經研究了一種現在可以歸類為高熵合金的系統：在核燃料晶界和裂變氣泡處的Mo-Pd-Rh-Ru-Tc粒子。[17]醫療行業對了解這些「五金屬粒子」特別感興趣，因為鍀-99m是一種重要醫學成像同位素。

定義 编辑

沒有普遍認可的HEA定義。最初將HEA定義為含有至少5種元素且原子百分比5到35的合金。[15]然而後來的研究表明，這個定義還可以擴展。建議只有形成沒有金屬間相的固溶體的合金才應該被認為是真正的高熵合金，因為有序相的形成會降低系統的熵。[18]一些作者將四組分合金也描述為高熵合金[19]也有建議只有2到4種元素合金滿足HEA要求，也算高熵合金[20]或理想氣體常數1到1.5之間的混合熵也算[21]「中熵合金」[20]

合成 编辑

使用現有技術截至2018年 (2018-Missing required parameter 1=month!)難以製造高熵合金，並且通常需要昂貴的材料和特殊的加工技術。[22]

高熵合金主要是使用依賴於金屬相方法生產——如果金屬在液態、固態、氣態下合成。

  • 大多數HEA已使用液相方法生產，包括電弧熔化（電弧爐）、感應熔化（感應爐（英语：induction furnace））、布里奇曼-史托巴格法。
  • 固態加工通常通過使用高能球磨機的機械合金化（英语：Mechanical alloying）完成。這種方法生產的粉末可以使用傳統的粉末冶金方法或放電等離子燒結（英语：Spark plasma sintering）進行加工。這種方法可以生產出使用鑄造難以或不可能生產的合金，例如AlLiMgScTi。[23][24][25]
  • 氣相處理包括濺鍍或 分子束外延等工藝，可用於仔細控制不同的元素組成以獲得高熵金屬[26]或陶瓷膜。[23]

增材制造（立體打印）[27][12]可產出具不同微觀結構的合金，潛在地增加強度（1.3吉帕斯卡）、增加延展性[28]

其他技術包括熱噴塗、激光熔覆（英语：Cladding (metalworking)）和電鍍。[23][29]

例子 编辑

高熵合金薄膜例子：

合金 相態 硬度（吉帕斯卡） 相關模數（吉帕斯卡） 參考
CoCrFeMnNi FCC 5.71 Er = 172.84 [30]
CoCrFeMnNiAl1.3 BCC 8.74 Er = 167.19 [30]
Al0.3CoCrFeNi FCC + BCC 11.09 E = 186.01 [31]
CrCoCuFeNi FCC + BCC 15 E = 181 [32]
CoCrFeMnNiTi0.2 FCC 8.61 Er = 157.81 [33]
CoCrFeMnNiTi0.8 無定形 8.99 Er = 151.42 [33]
CoCrFeMnNiV0.07 FCC 7.99 E = 206.4 [34]
CoCrFeMnNiV1.1 無定形 8.69 E = 144.6 [34]
(CoCrFeMnNi)99.5Mo0.5 FCC 4.62 Er = 157.76 [35]
(CoCrFeMnNi)85.4Mo14.6 無定形 8.77 Er = 169.17 [35]
(CoCrFeMnNi)92.8Nb7.2 無定形 8.1 Er ~105 [36]
TiZrNbHfTa FCC 5.4 — [37]
FeCoNiCrCuAlMn FCC + BCC 4.2 — [38]
FeCoNiCrCuAl0.5 FCC 4.4 — [38]
AlCrMnMoNiZr 無定形 7.2 E = 172 [39]
AlCrMoTaTiZr 無定形 11.2 E = 193 [40]
AlCrTiTaZr 無定形 9.3 E = 140 [41]
AlCrMoNbZr BCC + 無定形 11.8 — [42]
AlCrNbSiTiV 無定形 10.4 E = 177 [43]
AlCrSiTiZr 無定形 11.5 E ~206 [44]
CrNbSiTaZr 無定形 20.12 — [45]
CrNbSiTiZr 無定形 9.6 E = 179.7 [46]
AlFeCrNiMo BCC 4.98 — [47]
CuMoTaWV BCC 19 E = 259 [48]
TiVCrZrHf 無定形 8.3 E = 104.7 [49]
ZrTaNbTiW 無定形 4.7 E = 120 [50]
TiVCrAlZr 無定形 8.2 E = 128.9 [51]
FeCoNiCuVZrAl 無定形 8.6 E = 153 [52]
合金 RN (%) 相態 硬度（吉帕斯卡） 相關模數（吉帕斯卡） 參考
(FeCoNiCuVZrAl)N 30 無定形 12 E = 166 [52]
(TiZrNbHfTa)N 25 FCC 32.9 — [37]
(TiVCrAlZr)N 50 FCC 11 E = 151 [51]
(AlCrTaTiZr)N 14 FCC 32 E = 368 [41]
(FeCoNiCrCuAl0.5)N 33.3 無定形 10.4 — [38]
(FeCoNiCrCuAlMn)N 23.1 無定形 11.8 — [38]
(AlCrMnMoNiZr)N 50 FCC 11.9 E = 202 [39]
(TiVCrZrHf)N 3.85 FCC 23.8 E = 267.3 [49]
(NbTiAlSiW)N 16.67 無定形 13.6 E = 154.4 [53]
(NbTiAlSi)N 16.67 FCC 20.5 E = 206.8
(AlCrNbSiTiV)N 5 FCC 35 E ~ 337 [43]
28 FCC 41 E = 360
(AlCrTaTiZr)N 50 FCC 36 E = 360 [54]
(Al23.1Cr30.8Nb7.7Si7.7Ti30.7)N50 — FCC 36.1 E ~ 430 [55]
(Al29.1Cr30.8Nb11.2Si7.7Ti21.2)N50 FCC 36.7 E ~ 380
(AlCrSiTiZr)N 5 無定形 17 E ~ 232 [44]
30 FCC 16 E ~ 232
(AlCrMoTaTiZr)N 40 FCC 40.2 E = 420 [40]
(AlCrTaTiZr)N 50 FCC 35 E = 350 [56]
(CrTaTiVZr)N 20 FCC 34.3 E ~ 268 [57]
(CrNbTiAlV)N 67.86 FCC 35.3 E = 353.7 [58]
(HfNbTiVZr)N 33.33 FCC 7.6 E = 270 [59]

參考 编辑

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相關條目 编辑

  • 非晶态金属
  • 納米晶材料（英语：Nanocrystalline material）
  • Hume-Rothery法則（英语：Hume-Rothery rules）

十二月 11, 2023
高熵合金, 英語, high, entropy, alloys, heas, 簡稱hea, 通常是由五種或五種以上等量或相對比例金屬形成的新型合金, 名為, 是因為當混合物中存在大量元素混合時的熵增加實質上更高, 並且比例更接近相等, 面心立方結構cocrfemnni原子結構, 由於可能具有許多理想的性質, 因此在材料科學及工程上相當受到重視, 相對於以往的典型金屬合金, 合金主要的金屬成份可能只有一至兩種, 例如會以鐵為基礎, 再加入一些微量元素, 錳等, 來提昇其特性, 但因此所得的還是以鐵為主的合金, 其他元. 高熵合金 英語 High entropy alloys HEAs 簡稱HEA 通常是由五種或五種以上等量或相對比例金屬形成的新型合金 名為 高熵合金 是因為當混合物中存在大量元素混合時的熵增加實質上更高 並且比例更接近相等 2 面心立方結構CoCrFeMnNi原子結構 1 由於高熵合金可能具有許多理想的性質 因此在材料科學及工程上相當受到重視 3 相對於以往的典型金屬合金 合金主要的金屬成份可能只有一至兩種 例如會以鐵為基礎 再加入一些微量元素 碳 錳等 來提昇其特性 但因此所得的還是以鐵為主的合金 3 其他元素比例實際相當低 過往的概念中 若合金中加的金屬種類越多 會使其材質脆化 但高熵合金和以往的合金不同 有多種金屬卻不會脆化 是一種新的材料 1 3 4 研究發現有些高熵合金的比強度比傳統合金好很多 而且抗断裂能力 抗拉強度 抗腐蝕及抗氧化特性都比傳統的合金要好 高熵合金在2004年以前就已問世 但在2010年代才有許多相關的研究 3 5 6 7 8 9 目录 1 發展 2 定義 3 合成 4 例子 5 參考 6 相關條目發展 编辑儘管早在1981年 10 1996年 11 以及整個1980年代就考究了理論上可以存在高熵合金 但製造出這些特殊合金 還要到2004年 據說葉均蔚博士是在1995年駕車穿越新竹鄉村時 想出了實際製造高熵合金方法 高熵合金潛在應用包括用於潛艇 航天器 核武器 核反應堆 12 噴氣式飛機 遠程高超音速導彈等等 13 14 在葉均蔚博士的論文發表幾個月後 布賴恩 康托爾 英语 Brian Cantor I T H Chang P Knight A J B Vincent提交了關於高熵合金的獨立論文 葉均蔚也是第一個提出 高熵合金 英語 High entropy alloys 一詞的人 他將高構型熵歸因於穩定固溶體相機制 15 儘管布賴恩 康托爾 英语 Brian Cantor 直到2004年葉均蔚論文發表幾個月後才發表論文 康托爾其實早在1970年代末1980年代初就完成了該領域的首項工作 康托爾 英语 Brian Cantor 由於不知道葉均蔚的工作 康托爾 英语 Brian Cantor 更喜歡稱 高熵合金 為 多組分合金 多元合金 英語 multicomponent alloys 康托爾 英语 Brian Cantor 開發了高熵合金FeCrMnNiCo合金 類似的衍生物也被稱為康托爾合金 16 在將高熵合金和多組分系統歸類為單獨一類材料之前 核科學家已經研究了一種現在可以歸類為高熵合金的系統 在核燃料晶界和裂變氣泡處的Mo Pd Rh Ru Tc粒子 17 醫療行業對了解這些 五金屬粒子 特別感興趣 因為鍀 99m是一種重要醫學成像同位素 定義 编辑沒有普遍認可的HEA定義 最初將HEA定義為含有至少5種元素且原子百分比5到35的合金 15 然而後來的研究表明 這個定義還可以擴展 建議只有形成沒有金屬間相的固溶體的合金才應該被認為是真正的高熵合金 因為有序相的形成會降低系統的熵 18 一些作者將四組分合金也描述為高熵合金 19 也有建議只有2到4種元素合金滿足HEA要求 也算高熵合金 20 或理想氣體常數1到1 5之間的混合熵也算 21 中熵合金 20 合成 编辑使用現有技術截至2018年 2018 Missing required parameter 1 month update 難以製造高熵合金 並且通常需要昂貴的材料和特殊的加工技術 22 高熵合金主要是使用依賴於金屬相方法生產 如果金屬在液態 固態 氣態下合成 大多數HEA已使用液相方法生產 包括電弧熔化 電弧爐 感應熔化 感應爐 英语 induction furnace 布里奇曼 史托巴格法 固態加工通常通過使用高能球磨機的機械合金化 英语 Mechanical alloying 完成 這種方法生產的粉末可以使用傳統的粉末冶金方法或放電等離子燒結 英语 Spark plasma sintering 進行加工 這種方法可以生產出使用鑄造難以或不可能生產的合金 例如AlLiMgScTi 23 24 25 氣相處理包括濺鍍或 分子束外延等工藝 可用於仔細控制不同的元素組成以獲得高熵金屬 26 或陶瓷膜 23 增材制造 立體打印 27 12 可產出具不同微觀結構的合金 潛在地增加強度 1 3吉帕斯卡 增加延展性 28 其他技術包括熱噴塗 激光熔覆 英语 Cladding metalworking 和電鍍 23 29 例子 编辑高熵合金薄膜例子 合金 相態 硬度 吉帕斯卡 相關模數 吉帕斯卡 參考CoCrFeMnNi FCC 5 71 Er 172 84 30 CoCrFeMnNiAl1 3 BCC 8 74 Er 167 19 30 Al0 3CoCrFeNi FCC BCC 11 09 E 186 01 31 CrCoCuFeNi FCC BCC 15 E 181 32 CoCrFeMnNiTi0 2 FCC 8 61 Er 157 81 33 CoCrFeMnNiTi0 8 無定形 8 99 Er 151 42 33 CoCrFeMnNiV0 07 FCC 7 99 E 206 4 34 CoCrFeMnNiV1 1 無定形 8 69 E 144 6 34 CoCrFeMnNi 99 5Mo0 5 FCC 4 62 Er 157 76 35 CoCrFeMnNi 85 4Mo14 6 無定形 8 77 Er 169 17 35 CoCrFeMnNi 92 8Nb7 2 無定形 8 1 Er 105 36 TiZrNbHfTa FCC 5 4 37 FeCoNiCrCuAlMn FCC BCC 4 2 38 FeCoNiCrCuAl0 5 FCC 4 4 38 AlCrMnMoNiZr 無定形 7 2 E 172 39 AlCrMoTaTiZr 無定形 11 2 E 193 40 AlCrTiTaZr 無定形 9 3 E 140 41 AlCrMoNbZr BCC 無定形 11 8 42 AlCrNbSiTiV 無定形 10 4 E 177 43 AlCrSiTiZr 無定形 11 5 E 206 44 CrNbSiTaZr 無定形 20 12 45 CrNbSiTiZr 無定形 9 6 E 179 7 46 AlFeCrNiMo BCC 4 98 47 CuMoTaWV BCC 19 E 259 48 TiVCrZrHf 無定形 8 3 E 104 7 49 ZrTaNbTiW 無定形 4 7 E 120 50 TiVCrAlZr 無定形 8 2 E 128 9 51 FeCoNiCuVZrAl 無定形 8 6 E 153 52 合金 RN 相態 硬度 吉帕斯卡 相關模數 吉帕斯卡 參考 FeCoNiCuVZrAl N 30 無定形 12 E 166 52 TiZrNbHfTa N 25 FCC 32 9 37 TiVCrAlZr N 50 FCC 11 E 151 51 AlCrTaTiZr N 14 FCC 32 E 368 41 FeCoNiCrCuAl0 5 N 33 3 無定形 10 4 38 FeCoNiCrCuAlMn N 23 1 無定形 11 8 38 AlCrMnMoNiZr N 50 FCC 11 9 E 202 39 TiVCrZrHf N 3 85 FCC 23 8 E 267 3 49 NbTiAlSiW N 16 67 無定形 13 6 E 154 4 53 NbTiAlSi N 16 67 FCC 20 5 E 206 8 AlCrNbSiTiV N 5 FCC 35 E 337 43 28 FCC 41 E 360 AlCrTaTiZr N 50 FCC 36 E 360 54 Al23 1Cr30 8Nb7 7Si7 7Ti30 7 N50 FCC 36 1 E 430 55 Al29 1Cr30 8Nb11 2Si7 7Ti21 2 N50 FCC 36 7 E 380 AlCrSiTiZr N 5 無定形 17 E 232 44 30 FCC 16 E 232 AlCrMoTaTiZr N 40 FCC 40 2 E 420 40 AlCrTaTiZr N 50 FCC 35 E 350 56 CrTaTiVZr N 20 FCC 34 3 E 268 57 CrNbTiAlV N 67 86 FCC 35 3 E 353 7 58 HfNbTiVZr N 33 33 FCC 7 6 E 270 59 參考 编辑 1 0 1 1 Wang Shaoqing Atomic Structure Modeling of Multi Principal Element Alloys by the Principle of Maximum Entropy Entropy 13 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10 4 415 ISSN 2079 6412 doi 10 3390 coatings10040415 nbsp Zhang Cunxiu Lu Xiaolong Wang Cong Sui Xudong Wang Yanfang Zhou Haibin Hao Junying Tailoring the microstructure mechanical and tribocorrosion performance of CrNbTiAlV Nx high entropy nitride films by controlling nitrogen flow Journal of Materials Science amp Technology 2022 04 30 107 172 182 ISSN 1005 0302 S2CID 244583979 doi 10 1016 j jmst 2021 08 032 英语 Johansson Kristina Riekehr Lars Fritze Stefan Lewin Erik Multicomponent Hf Nb Ti V Zr nitride coatings by reactive magnetron sputter deposition Surface and Coatings Technology 2018 09 15 349 529 539 ISSN 0257 8972 S2CID 103303702 doi 10 1016 j surfcoat 2018 06 030 英语 相關條目 编辑非晶态金属 納米晶材料 英语 Nanocrystalline material Hume Rothery法則 英语 Hume Rothery rules 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 高熵合金 amp oldid 75390962, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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