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维基百科

納圖夫文化

四月 08, 2024

納圖夫文化（英語：Natufian culture，發音/nəˈtuːfiən/[1]）是一個在黎凡特地區的舊石器時代晚期考古學文化，該文化約發生於距今約 15,000 至 11,500 年前。[2] 這種文化很不尋常，因為它甚至在農業被引入前，就已支撐起過著定居或半定居生活的人口。

該文化的擴散範圍概略地圖；該文化從約旦河和死海兩岸擴散到幼發拉底河岸中部地區。

納圖夫社群可能是其所在地區最初的新石器時代定居點的建造者的祖先。在位於今敘利亞上幼發拉底河谷的史前文化考古遺址 Tell Abu Hureyra，證據顯示該文化有意種植穀物，特別是黑麥。[3] 麵包製作證據在約旦東北部沙漠裡約有14,500年歷史的 Shubayqa 1 號遺址中被發現。[4] 此外，在以色列海法附近迦密山的 Raqefet 洞穴中發現了古老的啤酒製造證據，其發生時間可追溯到約13,000年前。[5][6]

同時，這個文化的人群會利用野生穀物並獵殺包括瞪羚在內的動物。[7] 考古遺傳學已揭示後期（新石器時代到青銅器時代）黎凡特人的起源，主要來自該文化之人群，還有大量來自安納托利亞銅石並用時代的混合產物。[8]

參考資料 编辑

  1. ^ Natufian. 牛津英語詞典 (第三版). 牛津大學出版社. 2005-09 （英语）. 
  2. ^ Grosman, Leore. The Natufian Chronological Scheme – New Insights and their Implications. Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (编). Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia 1. New York: Berghahn Books. 2013: 622–627 [2021-11-14]. ISBN 978-1-879621-45-9. JSTOR j.ctv8bt33h. （原始内容于2022-01-30） –通过JSTOR. 
  3. ^ Moore, Andrew M. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J., Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-510806-4 
  4. ^ Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread. BBC. 17 July 2018 [17 July 2018]. （原始内容于2020-05-19）. 
  5. ^ 'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018 [15 September 2018]. （原始内容于2018-09-15）. 
  6. ^ '13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world. The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018 [16 September 2018]. （原始内容于2020-02-16）. 
  7. ^ Kottak, Conrad P., Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology, Boston: McGraw-Hill: 155–156, 2005, ISBN 978-0-07-289028-0 
  8. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (PDF). Nature. 2016, 536 (7617): 419–424 [2021-11-14]. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. PMC 5003663  . PMID 27459054. doi:10.1038/nature19310. （原始内容 (PDF)于2021-02-12）.  Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter– gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus–Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter–gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the Basal Eurasian lineage. "We used qpAdm (ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. [...] The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa."

四月 08, 2024
納圖夫文化, 英語, natufian, culture, 發音, 是一個在黎凡特地區的舊石器時代晚期考古學文化, 該文化約發生於距今約, 年前, 這種文化很不尋常, 因為它甚至在農業被引入前, 就已支撐起過著定居或半定居生活的人口, 該文化的擴散範圍概略地圖, 該文化從約旦河和死海兩岸擴散到幼發拉底河岸中部地區, 納圖夫社群可能是其所在地區最初的新石器時代定居點的建造者的祖先, 在位於今敘利亞上幼發拉底河谷的史前文化考古遺址, tell, hureyra, 證據顯示該文化有意種植穀物, 特別是黑麥, 麵包製作證據. 納圖夫文化 英語 Natufian culture 發音 n e ˈ t uː f i e n 1 是一個在黎凡特地區的舊石器時代晚期考古學文化 該文化約發生於距今約 15 000 至 11 500 年前 2 這種文化很不尋常 因為它甚至在農業被引入前 就已支撐起過著定居或半定居生活的人口 該文化的擴散範圍概略地圖 該文化從約旦河和死海兩岸擴散到幼發拉底河岸中部地區 納圖夫社群可能是其所在地區最初的新石器時代定居點的建造者的祖先 在位於今敘利亞上幼發拉底河谷的史前文化考古遺址 Tell Abu Hureyra 證據顯示該文化有意種植穀物 特別是黑麥 3 麵包製作證據在約旦東北部沙漠裡約有14 500年歷史的 Shubayqa 1 號遺址中被發現 4 此外 在以色列海法附近迦密山的 Raqefet 洞穴中發現了古老的啤酒製造證據 其發生時間可追溯到約13 000年前 5 6 同時 這個文化的人群會利用野生穀物並獵殺包括瞪羚在內的動物 7 考古遺傳學已揭示後期 新石器時代到青銅器時代 黎凡特人的起源 主要來自該文化之人群 還有大量來自安納托利亞銅石並用時代的混合產物 8 參考資料 编辑 Natufian 牛津英語詞典 第三版 牛津大學出版社 2005 09 英语 Grosman Leore The Natufian Chronological Scheme New Insights and their Implications Bar Yosef Ofer Valla Francois R 编 Natufian Foragers in the Levant Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia 1 New York Berghahn Books 2013 622 627 2021 11 14 ISBN 978 1 879621 45 9 JSTOR j ctv8bt33h 原始内容存档于2022 01 30 通过JSTOR Moore Andrew M T Hillman Gordon C Legge Anthony J Village on the Euphrates From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra Oxford Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 19 510806 4 Prehistoric bake off Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread BBC 17 July 2018 17 July 2018 原始内容存档于2020 05 19 World s oldest brewery found in cave in Israel say researchers British Broadcasting Corporation 15 September 2018 15 September 2018 原始内容存档于2018 09 15 13 000 year old brewery discovered in Israel the oldest in the world The Times of Israel 12 September 2018 16 September 2018 原始内容存档于2020 02 16 Kottak Conrad P Window on Humanity A Concise Introduction to Anthropology Boston McGraw Hill 155 156 2005 ISBN 978 0 07 289028 0 Lazaridis Iosif Nadel Dani Rollefson Gary Merrett Deborah C Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Fernandes Daniel Novak Mario Gamarra Beatriz Sirak Kendra Connell Sarah Stewardson Kristin Harney Eadaoin Fu Qiaomei Gonzalez Fortes Gloria Jones Eppie R Roodenberg Songul Alpaslan Lengyel Gyorgy Bocquentin Fanny Gasparian Boris Monge Janet M Gregg Michael Eshed Vered Mizrahi Ahuva Sivan Meiklejohn Christopher Gerritsen Fokke Bejenaru Luminita Bluher Matthias Campbell Archie Cavalleri Gianpiero Comas David Froguel Philippe Gilbert Edmund Kerr Shona M Kovacs Peter Krause Johannes McGettigan Darren Merrigan Michael Merriwether D Andrew O Reilly Seamus Richards Martin B Semino Ornella Shamoon Pour Michel Stefanescu Gheorghe Stumvoll Michael Tonjes Anke Torroni Antonio Wilson James F Yengo Loic Hovhannisyan Nelli A Patterson Nick Pinhasi Ron Reich David Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East PDF Nature 2016 536 7617 419 424 2021 11 14 Bibcode 2016Natur 536 419L PMC 5003663 nbsp PMID 27459054 doi 10 1038 nature19310 原始内容存档 PDF 于2021 02 12 Fig 4 Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter gatherers and farmers separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus Iran highlands The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA ADMIXTURE and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter gatherers Natufians with Levantine farmers and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers Fig 1b and Extended Data Figs 1 3 We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the Basal Eurasian lineage We used qpAdm ref 7 to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran 66 13 in the likely Mesolithic sample 48 6 in Neolithic samples and the Levant 44 8 in Epipalaeolithic Natufians Fig 2 showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians 44 8 is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran and is not greater than in those populations Supplementary Information section 4 Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites and to ancient DNA from North Africa 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 納圖夫文化 amp oldid 74695091, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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