^William of Rubruck. "The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55." Translated by William Woodville Rockhill. Page 281. "It would be very easy to conquer or to pass through all these countries. The King of Hungary has not at most XXX thousand soldiers."
^Sverdrup, p.115: "A near-contemporary source says the Hungarians lost 10,000 men in the Mohi battle. This is no precise number, but as most of the army was lost it may be close to what the author believed the size of the whole army was. When Mongol officer Siban spied the Hungarian camp some weeks before the battle he counted 40 units [Rashid al-Din, 2:474]. In those days the Hungarian units, the so-called banderias, were usually between 50 and 400 men strong [See Julius Bartl, "Slovak History: Chronology and Lexicon" (Bratislava 2002), p. 191]. An average size of 250 would indeed give a total of 10,000 men." [a maximum average of 400 would have given 16,000 men].
^Sverdrup, p. 114-115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns; one made a diversionary attacks into Poland, but rejoined with the other four in Hungary after Legnica and participated in the invasion.
^Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Legnica to the North and Hermannstadt（英语：Battle of Hermannstadt） (錫比烏) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week.
^Sverdrup, p. 115. Citing: Gustav Strakoschd-Grassmann. Der Einfall Der Mongolen In Mitteleuropa In Den Jahren 1241 und 1242 (Innsbruck, 1893), p.183.
^The Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15;"...on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders..[..]..While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute-some call it a massacre rather than a battle-historians disagree on their assessments of Bela's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy.."
^John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144.
^A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279;"Although Mongol losses in the battle are heavy...".
^The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103.
^Sugar, p.27: "The majority of the Hungarian forces consisted of light cavalry, who appeared 'oriental' to the Western observers. Yet this army had given up nomadic battle tactics and proved useless when facing the masters of this style of warfare. Hungarian tactics were a mix of eastern and western military traditions, as were the ineffective walls of clay bricks and palisades. Two elements of the Hungarian defense had proved effective, however: close combat with mass armored knights and stone fortifications".
^Sugar, p.27: "In the plains, between 50 and 80 percent of the settlements were destroyed. In forested areas, in the mountains, and in Transylvania, the demographic loss is estimated at 25-30 percent".
^Sugar, p. 26: "The country centers, lacking defenses, and the residences of [nobles], protected at best by moats, fences, and wooden towers, were no obstacle. Using ballistas, the Mongols leveled the forts, and put the settlements to the torch".
^John of Plano Carpini, “History of the Mongols,” in The Mission to Asia, ed. Christopher Dawson (London:Sheed and Ward, 1955), 44
^7 Rashid al-Din, "Successors of Genghis Khan", trans. John Boyle 1971, p. 70-71: "The princes, proceeding by these five routes, seized all the territories of the Bashgh'ird, Majar, and Sas [all refer to the Hungarians], and put their king, Keler [Bela], to flight. They spent the summer on the Tisa [Tisza] and Tanha rivers. Qadan now took the field with an army, captured the territories of the Taqut (Croatians), Arbaraq (Serbs), and Asraf (Vlachs), and pursued Keler, the king of those countries, to the seacoast. When [Keler] embarked on a ship, Qadan turned back... The news of Qa'an's (Ogodei's) death had not yet reached them... In the autumn they returned and passed into the region of Temur-Qahalqa (Caucasus)... they proceeded thither and defeated the Qipchaq (Kipchak/Cumans), who had fled to that region... In the beginning of the taulai yil, that is, the Year of the Hare, corresponding to the months of the year 640/1242, having completed the task of conquering the country, they turned back."
書籍编辑
Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410. Routledge. 2005.
Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank -- A History of Hungary. 1990 Indiana University 448p. ISBN978-0253208675
Salagean, Tudor (2016). Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the CongregationSystem. Brill.
Saunders, J. J. (1971). The History of the Mongol Conquests. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Sophoulis, Panos. The Mongol Invasion of Croatia and Serbia in 1242. Fragmenta Hellenoslavica. 2015, 2: 251–77.
Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. 8: 109–17 [p. 115]. ISBN978-1-84383-596-7.
Sweeney, James Ross. Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a Thirteenth-Century Dalmatian View of Mongol Customs. Florilegium. 1982, 4: 156–83.
十月 20, 2023
蒙古第一次入侵匈牙利, 蒙古侵略欧洲的一部分johannes, thurocz, 英语, johannes, thurocz, chronica, hungarorum, 英语, chronica, hungarorum, 描繪了蒙古入侵情況日期1241年3月, 1242年4月地点匈牙利王国和克羅地亞王國, 今匈牙利, 克罗地亚, 斯洛伐克, 伏伊伏丁那和部份羅馬尼亞, 结果蒙古方勝利, 蒙古人並未征服匈牙利王國, 亦未能俘獲貝拉四世, 蒙古人在, 1254, 1259, 年和, 1264, 年的後續要求被忽視, . 蒙古第一次入侵匈牙利蒙古侵略欧洲的一部分Johannes de Thurocz 英语 Johannes de Thurocz 的 Chronica Hungarorum 英语 Chronica Hungarorum 描繪了蒙古入侵情況日期1241年3月 1242年4月地点匈牙利王国和克羅地亞王國 今匈牙利 克罗地亚 斯洛伐克 伏伊伏丁那和部份羅馬尼亞 结果蒙古方勝利 蒙古人並未征服匈牙利王國 亦未能俘獲貝拉四世 蒙古人在 1254 年 1259 年和 1264 年的後續要求被忽視 最終引致第二次入侵 参战方匈牙利王国 特兰西瓦尼亚省 英语 Voivode of Transylvania 克罗地亚王国 英语 Kingdom of Croatia 1102 1526 圣殿骑士团 库曼人 次要交戰國 奥地利公国 1241年4月為止 欽察汗國 蒙古帝国 指挥官与领导者贝拉四世 科羅曼 烏戈爾斯基 英语 Coloman of Galicia Lodomeria 伤重而死 丹尼士 托馬伊 英语 Denis Tomaj Nicholas Szak 保羅 傑雷吉 英语 Paul Geregye Rembald de Voczon 腓特烈二世 忽炭 拔都 速不台 昔班 别儿哥 孛栾台参战单位主要是轻骑兵圣殿骑士弩兵步兵騎兵 主要是弓騎兵和槍手 投石車 英语 Lithobolos 可能有中國火器部隊和其他火藥部隊兵力 30 000 士兵 現代估計 1 2 其他估計 只計算蒂萨河之战 80 000 3 25 000 4 5 50 000 6 40 000 騎兵 現代估計 7 其他估計 只計算蒂萨河之战 70 000 8 25 000 4 5 50 000 6 伤亡与损失超過10 000個士兵陣亡 9 未知 但很嚴重 10 11 12 13 蒙古人第一次入侵匈牙利始於1241年3月 並於1242年3月下旬開始撤退 目录 1 入侵 2 撤軍 3 參見 4 參考 4 1 書籍入侵 编辑1241年 速不台和拔都率領的蒙古軍隊入侵包括波蘭 保加利亞 克羅地亞和匈牙利王国等在內的中歐和東歐國家 匈牙利試圖在蒂萨河之战阻止入侵但以失敗告終 儘管少數重裝甲騎士 主要來自圣殿骑士团 在近距離戰鬥中有好的表現 14 但構成大部分匈牙利騎兵團隊的轻骑兵蒙古軍隊對無效 蒙古人粉碎了匈牙利軍隊 並在次年繼續蹂躪農村 至戰役結束時 匈牙利約有四分之一的人口被殺 王國的大部分主要定居點已淪為瓦礫 15 構成大多數城鎮和堡壘城牆的木質 粘土和泥土 16 等防禦設施很容易被蒙古人攻城器械攻破 17 許多匈牙利定居點根本沒有任何防禦工事 一位德國編年史家觀察到 匈牙利人 幾乎沒有城牆或堅固堡壘保護的城市 18 然而 為數不多的匈牙利石頭城堡沒有一個倒塌 即使是那些在蒙古人陣線後面的城堡 蒙古軍隊試圖以攻城器械攻擊克利斯要塞 但並沒有帶來任何破壞且被擊退 傷亡慘重 19 撤軍 编辑1241年夏秋兩季 大部分蒙古軍隊駐紮在匈牙利平原 1242年3月下旬 他們開始撤退 對於他們之所以退出的最常見說法是窝阔台於1241年12月11日去世 據說這迫使蒙古人撤退到蒙古 以選舉新的大汗 20 但是伊兒汗國的丞相拉施德丁說拔都決定撤退時並不知道窩闊台的死 他說他們從匈牙利撤出以鎮壓庫曼叛亂 然後在1242年晚些時候離開歐洲 因為他們覺得已經完成了他們的使命 而不是因為任何外部影響 21 參見 编辑長子西征 蒂薩河之戰 埃斯泰爾戈姆圍城戰參考 编辑 William of Rubruck The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world 1253 55 Translated by William Woodville Rockhill Page 281 It would be very easy to conquer or to pass through all these countries The King of Hungary has not at most XXX thousand soldiers Sverdrup p 115 A near contemporary source says the Hungarians lost 10 000 men in the Mohi battle This is no precise number but as most of the army was lost it may be close to what the author believed the size of the whole army was When Mongol officer Siban spied the Hungarian camp some weeks before the battle he counted 40 units Rashid al Din 2 474 In those days the Hungarian units the so called banderias were usually between 50 and 400 men strong See Julius Bartl Slovak History Chronology and Lexicon Bratislava 2002 p 191 An average size of 250 would indeed give a total of 10 000 men a maximum average of 400 would have given 16 000 men Carey Brian Todd p 124 4 0 4 1 Marko Laszlo Great Honours of the Hungarian State Budapest Magyar Konyvklub 2000 ISBN 963 547 085 1 5 0 5 1 Liptai Ervin Military History of Hungary Budapest Zrinyi Katonai Kiado 1985 ISBN 963 326 337 9 6 0 6 1 Sverdrup p 115 citing Kosztolnyik Sverdrup p 114 115 citing Rashid al Din s chronicles 1 198 2 152 Rashid Al Din s figures give Batu and Subutai about 40 000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus divided into five columns one made a diversionary attacks into Poland but rejoined with the other four in Hungary after Legnica and participated in the invasion Carey states on p 128 that Batu had 40 000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30 000 troops in an encircling maneuver Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols three pronged assault on eastern Europe This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Legnica to the North and Hermannstadt 英语 Battle of Hermannstadt 錫比烏 to the South All three victories occurred in the same week Sverdrup p 115 Citing Gustav Strakoschd Grassmann Der Einfall Der Mongolen In Mitteleuropa In Den Jahren 1241 und 1242 Innsbruck 1893 p 183 The Mongols in the West Denis Sinor Journal of Asian History Vol 33 No 1 1999 page 15 on April 11 Batu s forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute some call it a massacre rather than a battle historians disagree on their assessments of Bela s apparent ineptitude Of course the Hungarians could have done better but it is beyond doubt that no ad hoc feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined highly trained professional soldiers of the Mongol army A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers These were very heavy John France Perilous Glory The Rise of Western Military Power Yale University Press 2011 144 A Global Chronology of Conflict From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East Vol I ed Spencer C Tucker ABC CLIO 2010 279 Although Mongol losses in the battle are heavy The Mongol Empire A Historical Encyclopedia Vol II ed Timothy May ABC CLIO 2017 103 Sugar p 27 The majority of the Hungarian forces consisted of light cavalry who appeared oriental to the Western observers Yet this army had given up nomadic battle tactics and proved useless when facing the masters of this style of warfare Hungarian tactics were a mix of eastern and western military traditions as were the ineffective walls of clay bricks and palisades Two elements of the Hungarian defense had proved effective however close combat with mass armored knights and stone fortifications Sugar p 27 In the plains between 50 and 80 percent of the settlements were destroyed In forested areas in the mountains and in Transylvania the demographic loss is estimated at 25 30 percent Jackon p 65 Sugar p 26 The country centers lacking defenses and the residences of nobles protected at best by moats fences and wooden towers were no obstacle Using ballistas the Mongols leveled the forts and put the settlements to the torch Jackson p 66 Kosztolnyik p 174 John of Plano Carpini History of the Mongols in The Mission to Asia ed Christopher Dawson London Sheed and Ward 1955 44 7 Rashid al Din Successors of Genghis Khan trans John Boyle 1971 p 70 71 The princes proceeding by these five routes seized all the territories of the Bashgh ird Majar and Sas all refer to the Hungarians and put their king Keler Bela to flight They spent the summer on the Tisa Tisza and Tanha rivers Qadan now took the field with an army captured the territories of the Taqut Croatians Arbaraq Serbs and Asraf Vlachs and pursued Keler the king of those countries to the seacoast When Keler embarked on a ship Qadan turned back The news of Qa an s Ogodei s death had not yet reached them In the autumn they returned and passed into the region of Temur Qahalqa Caucasus they proceeded thither and defeated the Qipchaq Kipchak Cumans who had fled to that region In the beginning of the taulai yil that is the Year of the Hare corresponding to the months of the year 640 1242 having completed the task of conquering the country they turned back 書籍 编辑 Jackson Peter The Mongols and the West 1221 1410 Routledge 2005 Peter F Sugar Peter Hanak Tibor Frank A History of Hungary 1990 Indiana University 448p ISBN 978 0253208675 Salagean Tudor 2016 Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century The Rise of the CongregationSystem Brill Saunders J J 1971 The History of the Mongol Conquests London Routledge amp Kegan Paul Sophoulis Panos The Mongol Invasion of Croatia and Serbia in 1242 Fragmenta Hellenoslavica 2015 2 251 77 Sverdrup Carl 2010 Numbers in Mongol Warfare Journal of Medieval Military History Boydell Press 8 109 17 p 115 ISBN 978 1 84383 596 7 Sweeney James Ross Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols a Thirteenth Century Dalmatian View of Mongol Customs Florilegium 1982 4 156 83 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 蒙古第一次入侵匈牙利 amp oldid 73382883, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
