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直布罗陀历史

九月 18, 2023

直布罗陀半岛是伊比利亚半岛最南端地中海沿岸的小半岛，有2900年的有人居住的历史。

从西班牙边界线看直布罗陀北面的风光(1782)
直布罗陀在伊比利亚半岛南端的位置

地理背景 编辑

 
直布羅陀海峽的註釋衛星視圖

直布羅陀的歷史已帶動其靠近地中海的入口的戰略地位。這是一個狹長的半島的東側直布羅陀灣 6千米（4英里）從城市阿爾赫西拉斯。直布羅陀位於西班牙最南部海岸的地中海最窄點之一，從海岸僅24公里（15英里）摩洛哥北非。它在海灣地位使其成為優越的自然錨地的船舶。[1]正如一位作家所言，“誰掌控了直布羅陀就掌握了船隻進出地中海的動向，以軍事和海權觀點來說，很少地方具有比直布羅陀更戰略性的位置。[2]

領土方面的措施只有6.7平方公里（2.6平方英里）。大部分的土地面積是由直布羅陀的陡峭岩石它達到426米（1398英尺）高度佔據。直布羅陀的小鎮坐落在岩石上的半島西側的基礎。窄，地勢低窪的地峽連接半島的西班牙本土。北工作面礦是一個近乎垂直的山崖396米（1299英尺）高，俯瞰峽部; 唯一的陸路通道鎮是通過沿海地帶約350米（1150英尺）寬，這是前窄得多的土地復墾從海在20世紀。[1]

因此，直布羅陀的地理位置賦予了它相當自然的防禦性優勢。這幾乎是不可能按比例岩石的東部或北部兩側，它們是垂直或基本如此。在南部，周圍的相對平坦的區域歐羅巴點是懸崖峭壁這是長達30米（97英尺）高的包圍。西邊是唯一可行的區域著陸，但即使在其上鎮建設工作提高到一個後衛的優勢，陡峭的山坡。這些因素給了它千百年來一個巨大的軍事意義。[1]

史前史与古代史 编辑

穆斯林统治（711-1309,1333-1462） 编辑

西班牙统治（1462-1704） 编辑

英国统治（1704-现在） 编辑

参考文献 编辑

引用 编辑

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dennis, pp. 7–8
  2. ^ Krieger, p. 8

来源 编辑

  • Abulafia, David. The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7139-9934-1. 
  • Aldrich, Robert; Connell, John. The Last Colonies. Cambridge University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-41461-6. 
  • Alexander, Marc. Gibraltar: Conquered by No Enemy. Stroud, Glos: The History Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7509-3331-5. 
  • Andrews, Allen. Proud Fortress: the fighting story of Gibraltar. London: Evans Bros. 1958. OCLC 656066535. 
  • Archer, Edward G. Gibraltar, Identity and Empire. London: Routledge. 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-34796-9. 
  • Ayala, Lopez de. The History of Gibraltar from the earliest period. Translated by James Bell. London: Pickering. 1845. OCLC 28301900. 
  • Baptiste, Fitzroy André. War, Cooperation & Conflict: The European Possessions in the Caribbean, 1939–1945. New York: Greenwood Press. 1988. ISBN 978-0-313-25472-7. 
  • Bond, Peter. Gibraltar's Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779–1783. 300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704–2004 1st. Gibraltar: Peter-Tan Publishing Co. 2003: 28–29. ASIN B001ACDEAU. 
  • Bradford, Ernle. Gibraltar: The History of a Fortress. London: Rupert Hart-Davis. 1971. ISBN 0-246-64039-1. 
  • Bruner, E.; Manzi, G. Saccopastore 1: the earliest Neanderthal? A new look at an old cranium. Harvati, Katerina; Harrison, Terry (编). Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology 2. Dordrecht: Springer. 2006. ISBN 978-1-4020-5120-3. 
  • Chartrand, René. . Patrice Courcelle 1st. Gibraltar: Osprey Publishing. July 2006. ISBN 9781841769776. （原始内容存档于2007-09-27）. 
  • Collins, Roger. Spain: an Oxford archaeological guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-285300-4. 
  • Cornwell, B. A Description of Gibraltar: with an account of the blockade, siege, the attempt by nine sail of fire ships, the sally made from the garrison, and every thing remarkable or worthy notice that has occurred in that place since the commencement of the Spanish war. London: Richardson & Urquhart. 1782. OCLC 28817404. 
  • Dennis, Philip. Gibraltar. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles Ltd. 1977. ISBN 0-7153-7358-7. 
  • Devenish, David. Gibraltar before the British. London: Unpublished proof copy held by the British Library. 2003. OCLC 499242153. 
  • Drinkwater, John: A history of the siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783: With a description and account of that garrison from the earliest periods London, 1862.
  • Dunsworth, Holly M. Human Origins 101. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. ISBN 978-0-313-33673-7. 
  • Falkner, James. Fire over the Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. 2009. ISBN 9781844159154. 
  • Fa, Darren; Finlayson, Clive. The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945. Fortress 45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84603-016-1. 
  • Ford, Richard. The Handbook for Travellers in Spain, Part 1. London: J. Murray. 1855. OCLC 603580513. 
  • Gold, Peter. Gibraltar: British or Spanish?. Routledge. 2012. ISBN 978-0-415-34795-2. 
  • Grove, Eric (编). The Defeat of the Enemy Attack upon Shipping. Aldershot: Ashgate for the Navy Records Society. 1997. ISBN 978-1-85928-403-2. 
  • Harvey, Maurice. Gibraltar. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount. 1996. ISBN 978-1-873376-57-7. 
  • Harvey, Robert. A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence. London: John Murray. 2001. ISBN 9780719561412. 
  • S.H. Hastings, Max , 编. The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes. Oxford University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-19-214107-4. 
  • Haverty, Martin. Wanderings in Spain in 1843, Volume 1. London: T. C. Newby. 1844. OCLC 56000559. 
  • Hills, George. Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar. London: Robert Hale & Company. 1974. ISBN 0-7091-4352-4. 
  • Jackson, William G. F. The Rock of the Gibraltarians. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. 1986. ISBN 0-8386-3237-8. 
  • Jordine, Melissa R. The Dispute Over Gibraltar. New York: Chelsea House. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4381-2139-0. 
  • Krieger, Larry S.; Neill, Kenneth; Jantzen, Steven L. World History: Perspectives On The Past. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath. 1990. ISBN 978-0-669-20189-5. 
  • Lamelas Oladán, Diego. (PDF). Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños (Instituto de Estudios Gibraltareños). 1 April 1990, (3 (Suplemento 'La compra de Gibraltar por los conversos andaluces (1474–1476)') [2015-12-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-05-04） （西班牙语）. 
  • Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell. A Year in Spain. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins. 1829. OCLC 2624910. 
  • Maria Monti, Ángel: Historia de Gibraltar: dedicada a SS. AA. RR., los serenisimos señores Infantes Duques de Montpensier, Imp. Juan Moyano, 1852
  • Maria Montero, Francisco: Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo, Imprenta de la Revista Médica, 1860
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-252-07061-7. 
  • Nelson, Horatio. The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, with notes by Sir N.H. Nicolas, Vol. 6. London: Henry Colburn. 1846. 
  • Norwich, John Julius: The Middle Sea: a history of the Mediterranean, Random House, 2006
  • Offley, Ed. Turning the Tide: How a Small Band of Allied Sailors Defeated the U-Boat|s and Won the Battle of the Atlantic. New York: Basic Books. 2011. ISBN 978-0-465-02344-8. 
  • Padró i Parcerisa, Josep. Egyptian-type documents: from the Mediterranean littoral of the Iberian peninsula before the Roman conquest, Part 3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Archive. 1980. ISBN 978-90-04-06133-0. 
  • Rodger, N. A. M.: The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815, London, 2006
  • Rose, Edward P.F. Military Engineering on the Rock of Gibraltar and its Geoenvironmental Legacy. Ehlen, Judy; Harmon, Russell S. (编). The environmental legacy of military operations. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. 2001. ISBN 0-8137-4114-9. 
  • Shields, Graham J. Gibraltar. Oxford: Clio Press. 1987. ISBN 978-1-85109-045-7. 
  • Stockey, Gareth. Gibraltar: A Dagger in the Spine of Spain?. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-84519-301-0. 
  • Stringer, Chris. Digging the Rock. Whybrow, Peter J. (编). Travels with the Fossil Hunters. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-66301-4. 
  • Sugden, John: Nelson: A Dream of Glory, London, 2004
  • Syrett, David: Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography, London, 2006.
  • Truver, Scott C. The Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean, Volume 4. Alphen aan der Rijn, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1980. ISBN 978-90-286-0709-5. 
  • Uxó Palasí, José: Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios, Almoraima. n.º 34, 2007
  • Walter, Chip. Last Ape Standing: The Seven-Million-Year Story of How and Why We Survived Kindle. New York: Walker & Co. 2013. ISBN 978-0-8027-1756-6. 

九月 18, 2023
直布罗陀历史, 直布罗陀半岛是伊比利亚半岛最南端地中海沿岸的小半岛, 有2900年的有人居住的历史, 从西班牙边界线看直布罗陀北面的风光, 1782, 直布罗陀在伊比利亚半岛南端的位置, 目录, 地理背景, 史前史与古代史, 穆斯林统治, 1309, 1333, 1462, 西班牙统治, 1462, 1704, 英国统治, 1704, 现在, 参考文献, 引用, 来源地理背景, 编辑, nbsp, 直布羅陀海峽的註釋衛星視圖直布羅陀的歷史已帶動其靠近地中海的入口的戰略地位, 這是一個狹長的半島的東側直布羅陀灣, 6. 直布罗陀半岛是伊比利亚半岛最南端地中海沿岸的小半岛 有2900年的有人居住的历史 从西班牙边界线看直布罗陀北面的风光 1782 直布罗陀在伊比利亚半岛南端的位置 目录 1 地理背景 2 史前史与古代史 3 穆斯林统治 711 1309 1333 1462 4 西班牙统治 1462 1704 5 英国统治 1704 现在 6 参考文献 6 1 引用 6 2 来源地理背景 编辑 nbsp 直布羅陀海峽的註釋衛星視圖直布羅陀的歷史已帶動其靠近地中海的入口的戰略地位 這是一個狹長的半島的東側直布羅陀灣 6千米 4英里 從城市阿爾赫西拉斯 直布羅陀位於西班牙最南部海岸的地中海最窄點之一 從海岸僅24公里 15英里 摩洛哥北非 它在海灣地位使其成為優越的自然錨地的船舶 1 正如一位作家所言 誰掌控了直布羅陀就掌握了船隻進出地中海的動向 以軍事和海權觀點來說 很少地方具有比直布羅陀更戰略性的位置 2 領土方面的措施只有6 7平方公里 2 6平方英里 大部分的土地面積是由直布羅陀的陡峭岩石它達到426米 1398英尺 高度佔據 直布羅陀的小鎮坐落在岩石上的半島西側的基礎 窄 地勢低窪的地峽連接半島的西班牙本土 北工作面礦是一個近乎垂直的山崖396米 1299英尺 高 俯瞰峽部 唯一的陸路通道鎮是通過沿海地帶約350米 1150英尺 寬 這是前窄得多的土地復墾從海在20世紀 1 因此 直布羅陀的地理位置賦予了它相當自然的防禦性優勢 這幾乎是不可能按比例岩石的東部或北部兩側 它們是垂直或基本如此 在南部 周圍的相對平坦的區域歐羅巴點是懸崖峭壁這是長達30米 97英尺 高的包圍 西邊是唯一可行的區域著陸 但即使在其上鎮建設工作提高到一個後衛的優勢 陡峭的山坡 這些因素給了它千百年來一個巨大的軍事意義 1 史前史与古代史 编辑此章节尚無任何内容 需要扩充 2020年3月28日 穆斯林统治 711 1309 1333 1462 编辑此章节尚無任何内容 需要扩充 2020年3月28日 西班牙统治 1462 1704 编辑此章节尚無任何内容 需要扩充 2020年3月28日 英国统治 1704 现在 编辑此章节尚無任何内容 需要扩充 2020年3月28日 参考文献 编辑引用 编辑 1 0 1 1 1 2 Dennis pp 7 8 Krieger p 8 来源 编辑 Abulafia David The Great Sea A Human History of the Mediterranean London Allen Lane 2011 ISBN 978 0 7139 9934 1 Aldrich Robert Connell John The Last Colonies Cambridge University Press 1998 ISBN 978 0 521 41461 6 Alexander Marc Gibraltar Conquered by No Enemy Stroud Glos The History Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 7509 3331 5 Andrews Allen Proud Fortress the fighting story of Gibraltar London Evans Bros 1958 OCLC 656066535 Archer Edward G Gibraltar Identity and Empire London Routledge 2006 ISBN 978 0 415 34796 9 Ayala Lopez de The History of Gibraltar from the earliest period Translated by James Bell London Pickering 1845 OCLC 28301900 Baptiste Fitzroy Andre War Cooperation amp Conflict The European Possessions in the Caribbean 1939 1945 New York Greenwood Press 1988 ISBN 978 0 313 25472 7 Bond Peter Gibraltar s Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779 1783 300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704 2004 1st Gibraltar Peter Tan Publishing Co 2003 28 29 ASIN B001ACDEAU Bradford Ernle Gibraltar The History of a Fortress London Rupert Hart Davis 1971 ISBN 0 246 64039 1 Bruner E Manzi G Saccopastore 1 the earliest Neanderthal A new look at an old cranium Harvati Katerina Harrison Terry 编 Neanderthals revisited new approaches and perspectives Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology 2 Dordrecht Springer 2006 ISBN 978 1 4020 5120 3 Chartrand Rene Gibraltar 1779 1783 The Great Siege Patrice Courcelle 1st Gibraltar Osprey Publishing July 2006 ISBN 9781841769776 原始内容存档于2007 09 27 Collins Roger Spain an Oxford archaeological guide Oxford Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 978 0 19 285300 4 Cornwell B A Description of Gibraltar with an account of the blockade siege the attempt by nine sail of fire ships the sally made from the garrison and every thing remarkable or worthy notice that has occurred in that place since the commencement of the Spanish war London Richardson amp Urquhart 1782 OCLC 28817404 Dennis Philip Gibraltar Newton Abbot Devon David amp Charles Ltd 1977 ISBN 0 7153 7358 7 Devenish David Gibraltar before the British London Unpublished proof copy held by the British Library 2003 OCLC 499242153 Drinkwater John A history of the siege of Gibraltar 1779 1783 With a description and account of that garrison from the earliest periods London 1862 Dunsworth Holly M Human Origins 101 Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 ISBN 978 0 313 33673 7 Falkner James Fire over the Rock The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779 1783 Barnsley South Yorkshire Pen and Sword 2009 ISBN 9781844159154 Fa Darren Finlayson Clive The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068 1945 Fortress 45 Oxford Osprey Publishing 2006 ISBN 978 1 84603 016 1 Ford Richard The Handbook for Travellers in Spain Part 1 London J Murray 1855 OCLC 603580513 Gold Peter Gibraltar British or Spanish Routledge 2012 ISBN 978 0 415 34795 2 Grove Eric 编 The Defeat of the Enemy Attack upon Shipping Aldershot Ashgate for the Navy Records Society 1997 ISBN 978 1 85928 403 2 Harvey Maurice Gibraltar Staplehurst Kent Spellmount 1996 ISBN 978 1 873376 57 7 Harvey Robert A Few Bloody Noses The American War of Independence London John Murray 2001 ISBN 9780719561412 S H Hastings Max 编 The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes Oxford University Press 1986 ISBN 0 19 214107 4 Haverty Martin Wanderings in Spain in 1843 Volume 1 London T C Newby 1844 OCLC 56000559 Hills George Rock of Contention A history of Gibraltar London Robert Hale amp Company 1974 ISBN 0 7091 4352 4 Jackson William G F The Rock of the Gibraltarians Cranbury NJ Associated University Presses 1986 ISBN 0 8386 3237 8 Jordine Melissa R The Dispute Over Gibraltar New York Chelsea House 2007 ISBN 978 1 4381 2139 0 Krieger Larry S Neill Kenneth Jantzen Steven L World History Perspectives On The Past Lexington MA D C Heath 1990 ISBN 978 0 669 20189 5 Lamelas Oladan Diego Asentamiento en Gibraltar en 1474 y expulsion en 1476 3 PDF Almoraima Revista de Estudios Campogibraltarenos Instituto de Estudios Gibraltarenos 1 April 1990 3 Suplemento La compra de Gibraltar por los conversos andaluces 1474 1476 2015 12 27 原始内容 PDF 存档于2013 05 04 西班牙语 Mackenzie Alexander Slidell A Year in Spain Boston Hilliard Gray Little and Wilkins 1829 OCLC 2624910 Maria Monti Angel Historia de Gibraltar dedicada a SS AA RR los serenisimos senores Infantes Duques de Montpensier Imp Juan Moyano 1852 Maria Montero Francisco Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo Imprenta de la Revista Medica 1860 Morison Samuel Eliot History of United States Naval Operations in World War II Vol 10 The Atlantic Battle Won May 1943 May 1945 Chicago University of Illinois Press 2002 ISBN 978 0 252 07061 7 Nelson Horatio The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson with notes by Sir N H Nicolas Vol 6 London Henry Colburn 1846 Norwich John Julius The Middle Sea a history of the Mediterranean Random House 2006 Offley Ed Turning the Tide How a Small Band of Allied Sailors Defeated the U Boat s and Won the Battle of the Atlantic New York Basic Books 2011 ISBN 978 0 465 02344 8 Padro i Parcerisa Josep Egyptian type documents from the Mediterranean littoral of the Iberian peninsula before the Roman conquest Part 3 Leiden Netherlands Brill Archive 1980 ISBN 978 90 04 06133 0 Rodger N A M The Command of the Ocean A Naval History of Britain 1649 1815 London 2006 Rose Edward P F Military Engineering on the Rock of Gibraltar and its Geoenvironmental Legacy Ehlen Judy Harmon Russell S 编 The environmental legacy of military operations Boulder CO Geological Society of America 2001 ISBN 0 8137 4114 9 Shields Graham J Gibraltar Oxford Clio Press 1987 ISBN 978 1 85109 045 7 Stockey Gareth Gibraltar A Dagger in the Spine of Spain Eastbourne Sussex Academic Press 2009 ISBN 978 1 84519 301 0 Stringer Chris Digging the Rock Whybrow Peter J 编 Travels with the Fossil Hunters Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 521 66301 4 Sugden John Nelson A Dream of Glory London 2004 Syrett David Admiral Lord Howe A Biography London 2006 Truver Scott C The Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Volume 4 Alphen aan der Rijn Netherlands Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1980 ISBN 978 90 286 0709 5 Uxo Palasi Jose Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios Almoraima n º 34 2007 Walter Chip Last Ape Standing The Seven Million Year Story of How and Why We Survived Kindle New York Walker amp Co 2013 ISBN 978 0 8027 1756 6 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 直布罗陀历史 amp oldid 77589617, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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