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维基百科

直布罗陀包围战

十月 21, 2023

直布罗陀包围战（英语：Great Siege of Gibraltar）是美国独立战争期间的一場戰役，西班牙王國和法蘭西王國为从英国夺取直布罗陀而进行的一场战斗。在围困近四年后直布罗陀仍在英军的控制下，包围战并未能获得成功。

直布罗陀包围战
美国独立战争的一部分
日期1779年6月24日 – 1783年2月7日
(3年7个月又2周)
地点
直布罗陀
36°08′23″N 5°21′18″W / 36.1397°N 5.3551°W / 36.1397; -5.3551坐标：36°08′23″N 5°21′18″W / 36.1397°N 5.3551°W / 36.1397; -5.3551
结果 英军胜利[1][2]
参战方

 大不列顛

西班牙
 法國
指挥官与领导者
喬治·艾略特
羅傑·柯蒂斯（英语：Roger Curtis）[3]
奧古斯特·德拉莫特（英语：August de la Motte）		 克里永公爵（英语：Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, 1st Duke of Mahón）
科洛梅拉伯爵（英语：Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor）[4]
路易·德·科爾多瓦（英语：Luis de Córdova y Córdova）
安東尼奧·巴塞洛（英语：Antonio Barceló）[3]
兵力
1779年6月:
5,382人[5]
1782年9月:
7,500人[6](包括500名炮兵)[7]
96门大炮
12艘巡逻舰[8]
总计: 7,500人以上		 1779年6月:
13,749人[9]
1782年9月:
33,000[10]–35,000名士兵[11]
30,000名水手[12]
114门大炮及迫击炮 [13];
47艘风帆战列舰[11]
10艘浮动炮台
7艘风帆商船
40艘巡逻舰[9]
总计: 65,000人
伤亡与损失
2,573人傷亡[14]
996名民兵死亡[14]		 6,000人傷亡[14]
10艘艦沈沒
1艘戰列艦被俘

註腳 编辑

  1. ^ Syrret 2006，第105頁.
  2. ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006，第86頁.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Chartrand & Courcelle 2006，第18–22頁.
  4. ^ Norwich 2006，第394頁.
  5. ^ Montero 1860，第339頁.
  6. ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006，第63頁:‘Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September (including 400 in hospital), some 3,430 were always on duty’
  7. ^ Monti 1852，第133頁.
  8. ^ Falkner 2009，第156頁.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Montero 1860，第338頁.
  10. ^ Montero 1860，第356頁.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Chartrand & Courcelle 2006，第79頁.
  12. ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006，第79 ‘some 30,000 sailors in the combined fleet’頁.
  13. ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006，第49頁.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. 2017: 132. ISBN 978-0786474707. 

參考文獻 编辑

  • Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy. Gibraltar: The Greatest Siege in British History. Hachette UK. 2017. ISBN 9781408708682. 
  • Allison, David K; Ferreiro, Larrie D (编). . Smithsonian Institution. 2018 [2022-06-07]. ISBN 9781588346599. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）. 
  • Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution. Read Books Ltd. 2012. ISBN 9781447485155. 
  • Bond, Peter, Gibraltar's Finest Hour: The Great Siege, 1779–1783, 300 Years of British Gibraltar, 1704–2004, Peter-Tan, 2003 
  • Chartrand, René; Courcelle, Patrice. . Gibraltar: Osprey. 2006 [2022-06-07]. ISBN 978-1-84176-977-6. （原始内容存档于2007-09-27）. 
  • Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. McFarland. 2017. ISBN 978-0786474707. 
  • Cuhaj, George S; Michael, Thomas. 2012 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001 to Date. Krause Publications. 2011. ISBN 9781440215759. [失效連結]
  • Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar. European Treaties Bearing On the History of the United States and Its Dependencies 2015. Andesite Press. 1917: 168. ISBN 978-1298827005. 
  • Davis, Paul K. Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780195219302. 
  • Drinkwater, John. A history of the siege of Gibraltar: With a description and account of that garrison, from the earliest periods. T. Nelson. 1905. 
  • Dupuy, Richard Ernest; Hammerman, Gay M; Hayes, Grace P. The American Revolution, a Global War. D. Mckay Company. 1977. ISBN 9780679506485. 
  • Eggenberger, David. An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present Dover Military History, Weapons, Armor. Courier Corporation. 2012. ISBN 9780486142012. 
  • Falkner, James, Fire Over The Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783, Pen and Sword, 2009, ISBN 9781473814226 
  • Ferreiro, Larrie D. Brothers at Arms: American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2016. ISBN 9781101875254. 
  • Finlayson, Darren. The fortifications of Gibraltar: 1068–1945. Oxford [u.a.]: Osprey. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84603016-1. 
  • Gardiner, Robert. Gibraltar: the second relief and after, 1781−1782. Navies and the American Revolution, 1775−1783 . Chatham Publishing. 1997. ISBN 1-55750-623-X. 
  • Hagist, Don N. . Journal of the American Revolution. Bruce H. Franklin. 2014 [31 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-13）. There were many sieges during the American Revolution …Yorktown … [beginning in 1779] Gibraltar. 
  • Harding, Richard. The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748. Boydell & Brewer. 2010. ISBN 9781843835806. 
  • Harvey, Robert. A Few Bloody Noses: The American Revolutionary War. Robinson. 2004. ISBN 9781841199528. 
  • Hoock, Holger. Empires of the Imagination: Politics, War, and the Arts in the British World, 1750–1850. Profile Books. 2010. ISBN 9781861978592. 
  • Hughes, Quentin; Migos, Athanassios. Strong as the Rock of Gibraltar. Gibraltar: Exchange Publications. 1995. OCLC 48491998. 
  • Kochin, Michael S; Taylor, Michael. An Independent Empire: Diplomacy & War in the Making of the United States. University of Michigan Press. 2020. ISBN 9780472054404. 
  • Lavery, Brian. Nelson's Victory: 250 Years of War and Peace. Seaforth Publishing. 2015. ISBN 9781473854949. 
  • Mackesy, Piers. The War for America: 1775–1783. Bison Books. 1992. ISBN 9780803281929. 
  • Mahan, Arthur T. Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783. Boston: Little, Brown. 1898: 449. OCLC 46778589. langara. 
  • Miller, Hunter (编). II. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931 [2022-06-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-07）. 
  • Montero, Francisco Maria. Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo. Imprenta de la Revista Médica. 1860 （西班牙语）. 
  • Monti, Ángel María. Historia De Gibraltar: Dedicada A SS. AA. RR., Los Serenisimos Señores Infantes Duques De Montpensier. Juan Moyano. 1852 [1 June 2020]. 
  • Morris, Richard Brandon (编). John Jay: The winning of the peace: unpublished papers, 1780-1784 Volume 2. Harper & Row. 1975. ISBN 9780060130480. 
  • Murphy, Orville T. Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution, 1719–1787. SUNY Press. 1982. ISBN 9780873954839. 
  • Norwich, John Julius. The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean. Random House. 2006. 
  • Pratt, Julius William. A History of United States Foreign Policy. Prentice-Hall. 1971. ISBN 9780133923162. 
  • Rodger, Nicholas. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. London. 2006. 
  • Richmond, Herbert William. The Navy in the War of 1739–48: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. 2012. ISBN 9781107690059. 
  • Simms, Brendan. Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783. Allan Lane. 2007. ISBN 978-0713-99426-1. 
  • Stephens, Frederic. A history of Gibraltar and its sieges. Provost & Co. 1870. 
  • Stockley, Andrew. Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782-1783. University of Exeter Press. 2001. ISBN 9780859896153. 
  • Sugden, John. Nelson: A Dream of Glory. London. 2004. ISBN 022406097X. OCLC 56656695. 
  • Syrett, David. Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography. London. 2006. 
  • Uxó, José Palasí. Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios. Almoraima. 2007, (34) （西班牙语）. 
  • . U.S. National Archives. 1783 [15 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-21）. 
  • . Yale Law School, Avalon Project. 1782 [15 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-08）. 
  • . The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. [30 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-29）. His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States 

十月 21, 2023
直布罗陀包围战, 英语, great, siege, gibraltar, 是美国独立战争期间的一場戰役, 西班牙王國和法蘭西王國为从英国夺取直布罗陀而进行的一场战斗, 在围困近四年后直布罗陀仍在英军的控制下, 包围战并未能获得成功, 美国独立战争的一部分日期1779年6月24日, 1783年2月7日, 3年7个月又2周, 地点直布罗陀36, 1397, 3551, 1397, 3551, 坐标, 1397, 3551, 1397, 3551结果英军胜利, 参战方, 大不列顛, 汉诺威西班牙, 法國指挥官与领导者喬. 直布罗陀包围战 英语 Great Siege of Gibraltar 是美国独立战争期间的一場戰役 西班牙王國和法蘭西王國为从英国夺取直布罗陀而进行的一场战斗 在围困近四年后直布罗陀仍在英军的控制下 包围战并未能获得成功 直布罗陀包围战美国独立战争的一部分日期1779年6月24日 1783年2月7日 3年7个月又2周 地点直布罗陀36 08 23 N 5 21 18 W 36 1397 N 5 3551 W 36 1397 5 3551 坐标 36 08 23 N 5 21 18 W 36 1397 N 5 3551 W 36 1397 5 3551结果英军胜利 1 2 参战方 大不列顛 汉诺威西班牙 法國指挥官与领导者喬治 艾略特 羅傑 柯蒂斯 英语 Roger Curtis 3 奧古斯特 德拉莫特 英语 August de la Motte 克里永公爵 英语 Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon 1st Duke of Mahon 科洛梅拉伯爵 英语 Martin Alvarez de Sotomayor 4 路易 德 科爾多瓦 英语 Luis de Cordova y Cordova 安東尼奧 巴塞洛 英语 Antonio Barcelo 3 兵力1779年6月 5 382人 5 1782年9月 7 500人 6 包括500名炮兵 7 96门大炮12艘巡逻舰 8 总计 7 500人以上1779年6月 13 749人 9 1782年9月 33 000 10 35 000名士兵 11 30 000名水手 12 114门大炮及迫击炮 13 47艘风帆战列舰 11 10艘浮动炮台7艘风帆商船40艘巡逻舰 9 总计 65 000人伤亡与损失2 573人傷亡 14 996名民兵死亡 14 6 000人傷亡 14 10艘艦沈沒1艘戰列艦被俘註腳 编辑 Syrret 2006 第105頁 sfn error no target CITEREFSyrret2006 help Chartrand amp Courcelle 2006 第86頁 3 0 3 1 Chartrand amp Courcelle 2006 第18 22頁 Norwich 2006 第394頁 Montero 1860 第339頁 Chartrand amp Courcelle 2006 第63頁 Of 7 500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September including 400 in hospital some 3 430 were always on duty Monti 1852 第133頁 Falkner 2009 第156頁 9 0 9 1 Montero 1860 第338頁 Montero 1860 第356頁 11 0 11 1 Chartrand amp Courcelle 2006 第79頁 Chartrand amp Courcelle 2006 第79 some 30 000 sailors in the combined fleet 頁 Chartrand amp Courcelle 2006 第49頁 14 0 14 1 14 2 Clodfelter Micheal Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures 1492 2015 4th ed McFarland 2017 132 ISBN 978 0786474707 參考文獻 编辑Adkins Lesley Adkins Roy Gibraltar The Greatest Siege in British History Hachette UK 2017 ISBN 9781408708682 Allison David K Ferreiro Larrie D 编 The American Revolution A World War Smithsonian Institution 2018 2022 06 07 ISBN 9781588346599 原始内容存档于2022 06 15 Bemis Samuel Flagg The Diplomacy of the American Revolution Read Books Ltd 2012 ISBN 9781447485155 Bond Peter Gibraltar s Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779 1783 300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704 2004 Peter Tan 2003 Chartrand Rene Courcelle Patrice Gibraltar 1779 1783 The Great Siege Gibraltar Osprey 2006 2022 06 07 ISBN 978 1 84176 977 6 原始内容存档于2007 09 27 Clodfelter Micheal Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures 1492 2015 4th ed McFarland 2017 ISBN 978 0786474707 Cuhaj George S Michael Thomas 2012 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001 to Date Krause Publications 2011 ISBN 9781440215759 失效連結 Davenport Frances Gardiner Paullin Charles Oscar European Treaties Bearing On the History of the United States and Its Dependencies 2015 Andesite Press 1917 168 ISBN 978 1298827005 Davis Paul K Besieged 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo Oxford University Press 2003 ISBN 9780195219302 Drinkwater John A history of the siege of Gibraltar With a description and account of that garrison from the earliest periods T Nelson 1905 Dupuy Richard Ernest Hammerman Gay M Hayes Grace P The American Revolution a Global War D Mckay Company 1977 ISBN 9780679506485 Eggenberger David An Encyclopedia of Battles Accounts of Over 1 560 Battles from 1479 B C to the Present Dover Military History Weapons Armor Courier Corporation 2012 ISBN 9780486142012 Falkner James Fire Over The Rock The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779 1783 Pen and Sword 2009 ISBN 9781473814226 Ferreiro Larrie D Brothers at Arms American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2016 ISBN 9781101875254 Finlayson Darren The fortifications of Gibraltar 1068 1945 Oxford u a Osprey 2006 ISBN 978 1 84603016 1 Gardiner Robert Gibraltar the second relief and after 1781 1782 Navies and the American Revolution 1775 1783 nbsp Chatham Publishing 1997 ISBN 1 55750 623 X 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 link Hagist Don N The Greatest Siege Journal of the American Revolution Bruce H Franklin 2014 31 August 2020 原始内容存档于2022 06 13 There were many sieges during the American Revolution Yorktown beginning in 1779 Gibraltar Harding Richard The Emergence of Britain s Global Naval Supremacy The War of 1739 1748 Boydell amp Brewer 2010 ISBN 9781843835806 Harvey Robert A Few Bloody Noses The American Revolutionary War Robinson 2004 ISBN 9781841199528 Hoock Holger Empires of the Imagination Politics War and the Arts in the British World 1750 1850 Profile Books 2010 ISBN 9781861978592 Hughes Quentin Migos Athanassios Strong as the Rock of Gibraltar Gibraltar Exchange Publications 1995 OCLC 48491998 Kochin Michael S Taylor Michael An Independent Empire Diplomacy amp War in the Making of the United States University of Michigan Press 2020 ISBN 9780472054404 Lavery Brian Nelson s Victory 250 Years of War and Peace Seaforth Publishing 2015 ISBN 9781473854949 Mackesy Piers The War for America 1775 1783 Bison Books 1992 ISBN 9780803281929 Mahan Arthur T Major Operations of the Royal Navy 1762 1783 Boston Little Brown 1898 449 OCLC 46778589 langara Miller Hunter 编 Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America 1776 1818 Documents 1 40 II U S Government Printing Office 1931 2022 06 07 原始内容存档于2022 06 07 Montero Francisco Maria Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo Imprenta de la Revista Medica 1860 西班牙语 Monti Angel Maria Historia De Gibraltar Dedicada A SS AA RR Los Serenisimos Senores Infantes Duques De Montpensier Juan Moyano 1852 1 June 2020 Morris Richard Brandon 编 John Jay The winning of the peace unpublished papers 1780 1784 Volume 2 Harper amp Row 1975 ISBN 9780060130480 Murphy Orville T Charles Gravier Comte de Vergennes French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution 1719 1787 SUNY Press 1982 ISBN 9780873954839 Norwich John Julius The Middle Sea A History of the Mediterranean Random House 2006 Pratt Julius William A History of United States Foreign Policy Prentice Hall 1971 ISBN 9780133923162 Rodger Nicholas The Command of the Ocean A Naval History of Britain 1649 1815 London 2006 Richmond Herbert William The Navy in the War of 1739 48 Volume 1 Cambridge University Press 2012 ISBN 9781107690059 Simms Brendan Three Victories and a Defeat The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire 1714 1783 Allan Lane 2007 ISBN 978 0713 99426 1 Stephens Frederic A history of Gibraltar and its sieges Provost amp Co 1870 Stockley Andrew Britain and France at the Birth of America The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782 1783 University of Exeter Press 2001 ISBN 9780859896153 Sugden John Nelson A Dream of Glory London 2004 ISBN 022406097X OCLC 56656695 Syrett David Admiral Lord Howe A Biography London 2006 Uxo Jose Palasi Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios Almoraima 2007 34 西班牙语 Continental Congress Remarks on the Provisional Peace Treaty U S National Archives 1783 15 July 2020 原始内容存档于2021 10 21 British American Diplomacy Preliminary Articles of Peace November 30 1782 Yale Law School Avalon Project 1782 15 July 2020 原始内容存档于2022 07 08 British American Diplomacy The Paris Peace Treaty 1783 and Associated Documents The Avalon Project Yale Law School 30 July 2020 原始内容存档于2022 03 29 His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 直布罗陀包围战 amp oldid 78927858, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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