激浪派

激浪派（Fluxus）是1960年代至1970年代間活躍的一個激進的國際文藝流派^{[1][2][3][4][5]}。他們提出了一些新的藝術主張，如迪克·希金斯的“中介藝術”^[6][7][8][9]、亨利·弗林特的“觀念藝術”^[10][11]和白南准和沃尔夫·福斯特尔的“錄像藝術”^[12][13][14]。受到杜尚的影響，大多數激浪派藝術家以反商業和反藝術為己任，強調概念而非成品的重要性^[15]。而Fluxus一詞則由喬治·麥素納斯創造于1961年^[16]。

《激浪派宣言》，1963，喬治·麥素納斯

1960年代的許多實驗藝術家都屬於這一流派，威斯巴登、哥本哈根、斯德哥爾摩、阿姆斯特丹、倫敦和紐約都有大量激浪派藝術家存在。他們的興趣極為廣泛，而互相之間亦有衝突^[17][18]。比如儘管激浪派創始人之一的喬治·麥素納斯發表過所謂的《激浪派宣言》，但很少有其他激浪派藝術家對他的說法表示讚同，甚至很多藝術家都不認為他屬於激浪派^[19][20]。雖然如此，激浪派也在一定程度上對開放“藝術”之定義做出了貢獻^[21]。

参考文献

1. Friedman, Ken. 2011. "Fluxus: A Laboratory of Ideas." Fluxus and the Essential Qualities of Life. Jacquelynne Baas, editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p.35.
2. Nationalencyclopedin (Swedish National Encyclopedia). 2016. "Fluxus." Accessible at: http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyclopedi/lång/fluxus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Accessed September 11, 2016.
3. Wainwright, Lisa S. 2016. "Fluxus." Britannica Academic (Encyclopedia Britannica Online).
4. Ruhé, Harry. 1979. Fluxus, the Most Radical and Experimental Art Movement of the Sixties Amsterdam: Editions Galerie A.
5. Ruhé, Harry. 1999. "Introduction." 25 Fluxus Stories Amsterdam: Tuja Books, p. 4.
6. Higgins, Dick. 1966. "Intermedia." Something Else Newsletter. Vol. 1, No. 1, February, pp. 1-3.
7. Higgins, Dick. 2001. "Intermedia" Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality. Randall Packer and Ken Jordan, eds. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., pp. 27–32.
8. Higgins, Dick. 1984. Horizons: The Poetics and Theory of the Intermedia. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press
9. Hannah B Higgins,"The Computational Word Works of Eric Andersen and Dick Higgins", Mainframe Experimentalism: Early Digital Computing in the Experimental Arts, Hannah Higgins, & Douglas Kahn, eds., pp. 271-281
10. Flynt, Henry. 1961. "Concept Art: Innperseqs." Reprinted in 1963: An Anthology. La Monte Young, ed. New York: Jackson Mac Low and La Monte Young, np.
11. Flynt, Henry. 1963. "Essay: Concept Art: Provisional Version." An Anthology. La Monte Young, ed. New York: Jackson Mac Low and La Monte Young, np.
12. Paik, Nam June. 1993. Nam June Paik: eine Data Base. La Biennale di Venezia. XLV Esposizione lnternazionale D’Arte, June 13 – October 10, 1993. Klaus Bussmann and Florian Matzner, eds. Venice and Berlin: Biennale di Venezia and Edition Cantz.
13. Hanhardt, John and Ken Hakuta. 2012. Nam June Paik: Global Visionary. London and Washington, D.C.: D. Giles, Ltd., in association with the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
14. Fundacio Joan Miro. 1979. Vostell. Environments Pintura Happenings Dibuixos Video de 1958 a 1978. Barcelona: Fundacio Joan Miro.
15. Fluxus Movement, Artists and Major Works. [2015-10-06]. （原始内容于2015-10-19）. 
16. Armstrong, Elizabeth. In the Spirit of Fluxus. Minneapolis: The Occasion of the Exhibition. 1993: 24. ISBN 9780935640403. 
17. Zurbrugg, Nicholas. 1990. “A Spirit of Large Goals.” – Dada and Fluxus at Two Speeds. Fluxus! Nicholas Zurbrugg, Francesco Conz, and Nicholas Tsoutas, eds. Brisbane, Australia: Institute of Modern Art, p. 29.
18. Smith, Owen F. 1998. Fluxus: The History of an Attitude. San Diego: San Diego State University Press.
19. Higgins, Dick. 1992. "Fluxus: Theory and Reception." Lund Art Press, Vol II, No 2, pp. 25-46.
20. Higgins, Dick. 1998. "Fluxus: Theory and Reception." The Fluxus Reader, Ken Friedman, ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Academy Editions, pp. 218-236.
21. Tate Gallery. "Nam June Paik. Fluxus, Performance, Participation." Tate Online. Accessible at: http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/exhibition/nam-june-paik/nam-june-paik-room-guide/nam-june-paik-section-2 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Accessed September 15, 2016.

外部連結

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：激浪派

维基语录上的激浪派语录

維基學院中的相關研究或學習資源：激浪派

• Links at Ubuweb:
  • Samples of Fluxus Audio （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine
  • An Anthology of Chance Operations (1963) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • FluxFilms (1962–1970) in MPEG format （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• European Fluxus Festivals 1962–1977 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• John Cage on I've Got A Secret performing Water Walk, January 1960, from the same era as his teaching classes at the New School （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• MOMA online archive of Fluxus 1, Fluxkit and Flux Year Box 2 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Museum Fluxus+ Potsdam, Germany （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Museo Vostell Malpartida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Cáceres, Spain.
• Subjugated Knowledges exhibition catalogue （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The Copenhagen Fluxus Archive （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）