维基百科
扎穆科语系
扎穆科语系是分布在巴拉圭(查科省东北部)和玻利维亚(圣克鲁斯省)的语系。
语言学家很少研究这个语系(as of Adelaar & Muysken 2004)，尽管最近有些新研究发表(参见：Bertinetto 2009, 2010, 2013；Ciucci 2007/08, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2013a, 2013b)。最近的研究显示扎穆科语系语言有种罕见的句法特征：副从属结构，即合作与从属关系同时用于连接从句(Bertinetto & Ciucci 2012)。
现存语言 编辑
扎穆科语系有两种活语言：
- 扎穆科语– 3160使用者
- 查玛科科语– 2千使用者
基因联系 编辑
据扎穆科语民族的历史记录，现存扎穆科语言似乎曾有过一些亲属语言。并不清楚它们是否必然是不同的语言，Mason (1950)[2]:157–317给出的表如下：[3]:3–5
- 北部语族
- 扎穆科语支：扎穆科语、Satienyo (Zatieño, Ibiraya)
- Morotoco (Coroino)
- Cucarate (Kukutade)
- Orebate (Ororebate); Carerá
- Panono (Panana)
- Tomoeno
- Guarañoca [可能是扎穆科语一种方言]: Tsiracua (Empelota); Mora (remnants of Morotoco and Guarañoca)
- Ugaraño
- Tapii (Tapio)
- Poturero (Ninaquiguilá)
- 南部语族
- 查玛科科语支：Ebidoso、Horio (Ishira)、Tumerehã
- Imono
- Tunacho (Tunaca)
- Caipotorade
词汇 编辑
切斯特米尔·劳科特卡 (1968)列举了下列扎穆科语系语言基础词。[4]
| 词义 | 扎穆科语 | Ayoré | Guarañoca | Poturero | Morotoco | Siracua | 查玛科科语 | Ebidoso | Tumrahá |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chomara | choxmára | chumana | chumana | sumara | somraha | tohok | tonhok | |
| 2 | gar | gáre | gar | ogar | gapebe | osia | eshara | osia | |
| 3 | gadiok | gadok | adiska | oagadioka | gaedopebe | aorliet | pelpe | ahriet-tohok | |
| 头 | ya-toitak | ya-toi | ya-toita | ya-todo | ya-tod | hoté | hote | ho | |
| 眼 | ye-doi | yeː-do | ye-dodia | ye-doy | ye-do | dlyóki-dodye | as-lo | erupi | ulu |
| 耳 | ya-gorone | yã-gorone | ya-noenia | ya-goroné | ya-gorod | dlyóki-goroni | parhi | áhre | ahri |
| 舌 | ya-retia | ya-reta | ya-retia | ya-et | árhik | orahü | kéhrik | ||
| 水 | yod | yot | yodita | yod | yod | nio | niogo | niodat | |
| 火 | piok | piok | piok | piok | pioko | pió | erhü | erhúe | naúsere |
| 石 | kukarat | kukarat | kukanane | kukaranay | kukarad | kukáni | kukret' | ostrp | kukáni |
| 日 | giede | guéde | guede | hiédé | giede | géte | deit'y | dei | yite |
| 玉米 | guehena | gueːxnai | guexa | guehena | gueda | géshna | taguri | takurü | taugre |
参考 编辑
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Zamucoan. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Mason, John Alden. The languages of South America. Steward, Julian (编). Handbook of South American Indians 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: 史密森尼学会, 美国民族学局第143期公报. 1950.
- ^ Fabre 2007
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír. Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. 1968.
书目 编辑
- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
- Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2009). Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del laboratorio di Linguistica 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>).
- Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2010). How the Zamuco languages dealt with verb affixes. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 9,1 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>).
- Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2013). Ayoreo (Zamuco) as a radical tenseless language. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
- Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Ciucci, Luca (2007/08). Indagini sulla morfologia verbale nella lingua ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 7 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL07_08.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
- Ciucci, Luca (2009). Elementi di morfologia verbale del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
- Ciucci, Luca (2010a). La flessione possessiva dell’ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
- Ciucci, Luca (2010b). La flessione possessiva del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
- Ciucci, Luca (2013a). Inflectional morphology in the Zamucoan languages. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Ph.D. Thesis.
- Ciucci, Luca (2013b). Chamacoco lexicographical supplement. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
- Fabre, Alain. (por aparecer, 2005). Los pueblos del Gran Chaco y sus lenguas, cuarta parte: Los zamuco. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
- Ulrich, M.; Ulrich, R. (2000). Diccionario Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco) - Español, Español - Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco). Asuncion: Misión a Nuevas Tribus Paraguay.