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维基百科

戴克里先迫害

一月 11, 2023

戴克里先迫害（英語：Diocletianic Persecution）或稱作大迫害（英語：Great Persecution），是羅馬帝國最後一次和最嚴重的一次对基督徒的鎮壓[1]。303年時，羅馬皇帝戴克里先、馬克西米安、伽列里烏斯和君士坦提烏斯一世頒布了一系列法令，廢除基督教的合法權益並要求他們遵守傳統的古羅馬宗教習俗。後來法令開始針對神職人員展開迫害，下令將這些民眾奉獻給羅馬神明。然而因為高盧和不列顛尼亞的起義使得羅馬帝國國力下降，相關的迫害行動強度因而有所變化，最終僅有勢力較強東部省份仍然繼續採行所有的禁令。這些迫害基督徒的法律隨著不同羅馬皇帝的上位而實施效力並不一致，但最終在313年君士坦丁大帝和李錫尼頒布《米蘭敕令》後，標誌著過去的迫害正式結束[2]。

让-里奥·杰洛姆1883年所作《基督烈士的最後禱告》

参考文献

引用

  1. ^ Gaddis, 29.
  2. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia. [2015-02-04]. （原始内容于2019-01-18）. 

来源

古代文献
  • Arnobius. Adversus Nationes (Against the Heathen) ca. 295–300.
    • Bryce, Hamilton, and Hugh Campbell, trans. Against the Heathen （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
  • Dessau, Hermann. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892–1916)
  • Eusebius of Caesarea. Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) first seven books ca. 300, eighth and ninth book ca. 313, tenth book ca. 315, epilogue ca. 325. Books Eight and Nine.
    • Williamson, G.A., trans. The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8
  • Eusebius of Caesarea. De Martyribus Palestinae (On the Martyrs of Palestine).
    • McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Martyrs of Palestine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
    • Cureton, William, trans. History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Accessed September 28, 2009.
  • Eusebius of Caesarea. Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) ca. 336–39.
    • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
  • Lactantius. Divinae Institutiones (The Divine Institutes) ca. 303–311.
    • Fletcher, William, trans. The Divine Institutes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
  • Lactantius. De Ira Dei (On the Wrath of God) ca. 313.
    • Fletcher, William, trans. On the Anger of God （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
  • Lactantius. Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum (Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors) ca. 313–15.
    • Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
  • Musurillo, Herbert, trans. The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
  • Optatus. Contra Parmenianum Donatistam (Against the Donatists) ca. 366–367.
    • Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Quick links to the separate books and parts of ‘Against the Donatists’（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.
  • Porphyry. Fragments.
    • Brauunsberg, David, and Roger Pearse, eds. "", in Selected Fathers of the Church. 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.
  • Tertullian. Apologeticus (Apology) 197.
    • Thelwall, S., trans. Apology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 3. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 16, 2009.
  • Tilley, Maureen A, trans. Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996.
現代文献
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Legislation Against the Christians." Journal of Roman Studies 58:1–2 (1968): 32–50.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the "Great Persecution"." Journal of Roman Studies 80 (1976): 239–252.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
  • Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Scholarship or Propaganda? Poprphyry Against the Christians and its Historical Setting." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39 (1994): 53–65.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Review: Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance." Phoenix 54:3–4 (2000): 381–383.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Monotheists All?" Phoenix 55:1–2 (2001): 142–162.
  • Baynes, Norman H. "Two Notes on the Great Persecution." The Classical Quarterly 18:3–4 (1924): 189–194.
  • Beatrice, Pier Franco. "Antistes Philosophiae. Ein Christenfeindlicher Propagandist am Hofe Diokletians nach dem Zeugnis des Laktanz." Aug 33 (1993): 1–47. (In German)
  • Castelli, Elizabeth A. Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
  • Chadwick, Henry. The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Clarke, Graeme. "Third-Century Christianity." In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 589–671. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
  • Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-814984-0
  • Corcoran, Simon. "Before Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
  • Curran, John. Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-815278-7
  • Davies, P.S. "The Origin and Purpose of the Persecution of AD 303." Journal of Theological Studies 40:1 (1989): 66–94.
  • Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma. The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3
  • Dodds, E.R. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine. New York: Norton, 1970.
  • Drake, H.A. Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8018-6218-3
  • Edwards, Mark. "Christianity, A.D. 70–192." In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 573–588. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
  • Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
  • Fox, see Lane Fox, Robin
  • Frend, William H.C. Martyrdom and persecution in the early church: a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. New York University Press, 1967. Reissued in 2008 by James Clarke Company, U.K. ISBN 0-227-17229-9
  • Frend, W.H.C. "Prelude to the Great Persecution: The Propaganda War." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38:1 (1987): 1–18.
  • Frend, W.H.C. "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy." In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 503–523. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9
  • Gaddis, Michael. There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0-520-24104-5
  • Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 1. edited by David Womersley. London: Penguin Classics, 1995. ISBN 978-0-14-043393-7
  • Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
  • Hopkins, Keith. "Christian Number and Its Implications." Journal of Early Christian Studies 6:2 (1998): 185–226.
  • Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964.
  • Keresztes, Paul. "From the Great Persecution To the Peace of Galerius." Vigiliae Christianae 37:4 (1983): 379–399.
  • Knipfing, J.R. "The Edict of Galerius (311 A.D.) re-considered." Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 1 (1922): 693–705.
  • Lane Fox, Robin. Pagans and Christians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. ISBN 0-394-55495-7
  • Leadbetter, William. "From Constantine to Theodosius (and Beyond)." In The Early Christian World, ed. Philip Francis Esler, 258–292. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-16496-2
  • Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-814822-4
  • Löhr, Winrich. "Some Observations on Karl-Heinz Schwarte's 'Diokletians Christengesetz'." Vigiliae Christianae 56:1 (2002): 75–95
  • MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03642-6
  • Millar, Fergus. The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Hardcover ISBN 0-674-77885-5 Paperback ISBN 0-674-77886-3
  • Mitchell, Stephen. "Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312: A New Latin Inscription." Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988): 105–124.
  • Nicholson, Oliver. "Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ: Lactantius' Divine Institutes IV. 18, 1–2." Journal of Theological Studies 40:1 (1989): 48–65.
  • Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
  • Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
  • Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6
  • Rives, J.B. "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire." Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999): 135–154.
  • de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Aspects of the Great Persecution." Harvard Theological Review 47 (1954): 75–113.
  • de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?" Past & Present 26 (1963): 6–38.
  • Schott, Jeremy M. "Porphyry on Christians and Others: "Barbarian Wisdom," Identity Politics, and Anti-Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution." Journal of Early Christian Studies 13:3 (2005): 277–314.
  • Schott, Jeremy M. Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8122-4092-4
  • Sherwin-White, A.N. "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again." Journal of Theological Studies 3:2 (1952), 199–213.
  • Tilley, Maureen A. The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8006-2880-2
  • Tilley, Maureen A. "North Africa." In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 381–396. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9
  • Trompf, G.W. Early Christian Historiography: Narratives of redistributive justice. New York: Continuum, 2000. ISBN 0-8264-5294-9
  • Walter, Christopher. The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition . Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84014-694-X
  • Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8
  • Woods, David. "Two Notes on the Great Persecution." Journal of Theological Studies 43:1 (1992): 128–134.
  • Woods, David. "'Veturius' and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution." Mnemosyne 54:5 (2001): 587–591.

外部連結

  • A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Persecution of Christians from Britannica （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

一月 11, 2023
戴克里先迫害, 英語, diocletianic, persecution, 或稱作大迫害, 英語, great, persecution, 是羅馬帝國最後一次和最嚴重的一次对基督徒的鎮壓, 303年時, 羅馬皇帝戴克里先, 馬克西米安, 伽列里烏斯和君士坦提烏斯一世頒布了一系列法令, 廢除基督教的合法權益並要求他們遵守傳統的古羅馬宗教習俗, 後來法令開始針對神職人員展開迫害, 下令將這些民眾奉獻給羅馬神明, 然而因為高盧和不列顛尼亞的起義使得羅馬帝國國力下降, 相關的迫害行動強度因而有所變化, 最終僅有勢力較強東. 戴克里先迫害 英語 Diocletianic Persecution 或稱作大迫害 英語 Great Persecution 是羅馬帝國最後一次和最嚴重的一次对基督徒的鎮壓 1 303年時 羅馬皇帝戴克里先 馬克西米安 伽列里烏斯和君士坦提烏斯一世頒布了一系列法令 廢除基督教的合法權益並要求他們遵守傳統的古羅馬宗教習俗 後來法令開始針對神職人員展開迫害 下令將這些民眾奉獻給羅馬神明 然而因為高盧和不列顛尼亞的起義使得羅馬帝國國力下降 相關的迫害行動強度因而有所變化 最終僅有勢力較強東部省份仍然繼續採行所有的禁令 這些迫害基督徒的法律隨著不同羅馬皇帝的上位而實施效力並不一致 但最終在313年君士坦丁大帝和李錫尼頒布 米蘭敕令 後 標誌著過去的迫害正式結束 2 让 里奥 杰洛姆1883年所作 基督烈士的最後禱告 目录 1 参考文献 1 1 引用 1 2 来源 2 外部連結参考文献 编辑引用 编辑 Gaddis 29 Catholic Encyclopedia 2015 02 04 原始内容存档于2019 01 18 来源 编辑 古代文献Arnobius Adversus Nationes Against the Heathen ca 295 300 Bryce Hamilton and Hugh Campbell trans Against the Heathen 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 From Ante Nicene Fathers Vol 6 Edited by Alexander Roberts James Donaldson and A Cleveland Coxe Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1886 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Accessed June 9 2009 Dessau Hermann Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Berlin Weidmann 1892 1916 Eusebius of Caesarea Historia Ecclesiastica Church History first seven books ca 300 eighth and ninth book ca 313 tenth book ca 315 epilogue ca 325 Books Eight and Nine Williamson G A trans The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine London Penguin 1989 ISBN 0 14 044535 8 Eusebius of Caesarea De Martyribus Palestinae On the Martyrs of Palestine McGiffert Arthur Cushman trans Martyrs of Palestine 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 1 Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1890 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Accessed June 9 2009 Cureton William trans History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 London Williams amp Norgate 1861 Accessed September 28 2009 Eusebius of Caesarea Vita Constantini The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ca 336 39 Richardson Ernest Cushing trans Life of Constantine 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 1 Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1890 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Accessed June 9 2009 Lactantius Divinae Institutiones The Divine Institutes ca 303 311 Fletcher William trans The Divine Institutes 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 From Ante Nicene Fathers Vol 7 Edited by Alexander Roberts James Donaldson and A Cleveland Coxe Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1886 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Accessed June 9 2009 Lactantius De Ira Dei On the Wrath of God ca 313 Fletcher William trans On the Anger of God 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 From Ante Nicene Fathers Vol 7 Edited by Alexander Roberts James Donaldson and A Cleveland Coxe Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1886 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Accessed June 9 2009 Lactantius Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors ca 313 15 Fletcher William trans Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 From Ante Nicene Fathers Vol 7 Edited by Alexander Roberts James Donaldson and A Cleveland Coxe Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1886 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Accessed June 9 2009 Musurillo Herbert trans The Acts of the Christian Martyrs Oxford Clarendon Press 1972 Optatus Contra Parmenianum Donatistam Against the Donatists ca 366 367 Vassall Phillips O R trans The Work of St Optatus Against the Donatists London Longmans Green amp Co 1917 Quick links to the separate books and parts of Against the Donatists 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Transcribed at tertullian org by Roger Pearse 2006 Accessed June 9 2009 Porphyry Fragments Brauunsberg David and Roger Pearse eds Porphyry Against the Christians Fragments in Selected Fathers of the Church 2006 Accessed June 9 2009 Tertullian Apologeticus Apology 197 Thelwall S trans Apology 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 From Ante Nicene Fathers Vol 3 Edited by Alexander Roberts James Donaldson and A Cleveland Coxe Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1885 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Accessed June 16 2009 Tilley Maureen A trans Donatist Martyr Stories The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa Liverpool Liverpool University Press 1996 現代文献Barnes Timothy D Legislation Against the Christians Journal of Roman Studies 58 1 2 1968 32 50 Barnes Timothy D Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the Great Persecution Journal of Roman Studies 80 1976 239 252 Barnes Timothy D Constantine and Eusebius Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1981 ISBN 978 0 674 16531 1 Barnes Timothy D The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1982 ISBN 0 7837 2221 4 Barnes Timothy D Scholarship or Propaganda Poprphyry Against the Christians and its Historical Setting Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39 1994 53 65 Barnes Timothy D Review Constantine and the Bishops The Politics of Intolerance Phoenix 54 3 4 2000 381 383 Barnes Timothy D Monotheists All Phoenix 55 1 2 2001 142 162 Baynes Norman H Two Notes on the Great Persecution The Classical Quarterly 18 3 4 1924 189 194 Beatrice Pier Franco Antistes Philosophiae Ein Christenfeindlicher Propagandist am Hofe Diokletians nach dem Zeugnis des Laktanz Aug 33 1993 1 47 In German Castelli Elizabeth A Martyrdom and Memory Early Christian Culture Making New York Columbia University Press 2004 Chadwick Henry The Church in Ancient Society From Galilee to Gregory the Great New York Oxford University Press 2001 Clarke Graeme Third Century Christianity In The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XII The Crisis of Empire edited by Alan Bowman Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey 589 671 New York Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 0 521 30199 8 Corcoran Simon The Empire of the Tetrarchs Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284 324 Oxford Clarendon Press 1996 ISBN 0 19 814984 0 Corcoran Simon Before Constantine In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine edited by Noel Lenski 35 58 New York Cambridge University Press 2006 Hardcover ISBN 0 521 81838 9 Paperback ISBN 0 521 52157 2 Curran John Pagan City and Christian Capital Rome in the Fourth Century Oxford Clarendon Press 2000 ISBN 0 19 815278 7 Davies P S The Origin and Purpose of the Persecution of AD 303 Journal of Theological Studies 40 1 1989 66 94 Digeser Elizabeth DePalma The Making of a Christian Empire Lactantius and Rome Ithaca Cornell University Press 2000 ISBN 0 8014 3594 3 Dodds E R Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine New York Norton 1970 Drake H A Constantine and the Bishops The Politics of Intolerance Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press 2000 ISBN 0 8018 6218 3 Edwards Mark Christianity A D 70 192 In The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XII The Crisis of Empire edited by Alan Bowman Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey 573 588 New York Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 0 521 30199 8 Elliott T G The Christianity of Constantine the Great Scranton PA University of Scranton Press 1996 ISBN 0 940866 59 5 Fox see Lane Fox Robin Frend William H C Martyrdom and persecution in the early church a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus New York University Press 1967 Reissued in 2008 by James Clarke Company U K ISBN 0 227 17229 9 Frend W H C Prelude to the Great Persecution The Propaganda War Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 1 1987 1 18 Frend W H C Persecutions Genesis and Legacy In The Cambridge History of Christianity Volume I Origins to Constantine edited by Margaret M Mitchell and Frances M Young 503 523 New York Cambridge University Press 2006 ISBN 978 0 521 81239 9 Gaddis Michael There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire Berkeley Los Angeles and London University of California Press 2005 ISBN 0 520 24104 5 Gibbon Edward History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol 1 edited by David Womersley London Penguin Classics 1995 ISBN 978 0 14 043393 7 Helgeland John Christians and the Roman Army A D 173 337 Church History 43 2 1974 149 163 200 Hopkins Keith Christian Number and Its Implications Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 2 1998 185 226 Jones A H M The Later Roman Empire 284 602 A Social Economic and Administrative Survey Oxford Basil Blackwell 1964 Keresztes Paul From the Great Persecution To the Peace of Galerius Vigiliae Christianae 37 4 1983 379 399 Knipfing J R The Edict of Galerius 311 A D re considered Revue Belge de Philologie et d Histoire 1 1922 693 705 Lane Fox Robin Pagans and Christians New York Alfred A Knopf 1986 ISBN 0 394 55495 7 Leadbetter William From Constantine to Theodosius and Beyond In The Early Christian World ed Philip Francis Esler 258 292 London Routledge 2004 ISBN 978 0 415 16496 2 Liebeschuetz J H W G Continuity and Change in Roman Religion Oxford Oxford University Press 1979 ISBN 0 19 814822 4 Lohr Winrich Some Observations on Karl Heinz Schwarte s Diokletians Christengesetz Vigiliae Christianae 56 1 2002 75 95 MacMullen Ramsay Christianizing the Roman Empire New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 03642 6 Millar Fergus The Roman Near East 31 B C A D 337 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1993 Hardcover ISBN 0 674 77885 5 Paperback ISBN 0 674 77886 3 Mitchell Stephen Maximinus and the Christians in A D 312 A New Latin Inscription Journal of Roman Studies 78 1988 105 124 Nicholson Oliver Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ Lactantius Divine Institutes IV 18 1 2 Journal of Theological Studies 40 1 1989 48 65 Odahl Charles Matson Constantine and the Christian Empire New York Routledge 2004 Hardcover ISBN 0 415 17485 6 Paperback ISBN 0 415 38655 1 Potter David S The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180 395 New York Routledge 2005 Hardcover ISBN 0 415 10057 7 Paperback ISBN 0 415 10058 5 Rees Roger Diocletian and the Tetrarchy Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 2004 ISBN 0 7486 1661 6 Rives J B The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire Journal of Roman Studies 89 1999 135 154 de Sainte Croix G E M Aspects of the Great Persecution Harvard Theological Review 47 1954 75 113 de Sainte Croix G E M Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted Past amp Present 26 1963 6 38 Schott Jeremy M Porphyry on Christians and Others Barbarian Wisdom Identity Politics and Anti Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution Journal of Early Christian Studies 13 3 2005 277 314 Schott Jeremy M Christianity Empire and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity Philadelphia University of Philadelphia Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 8122 4092 4 Sherwin White A N The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again Journal of Theological Studies 3 2 1952 199 213 Tilley Maureen A The Bible in Christian North Africa The Donatist World Minneapolis Fortress Press 1997 ISBN 0 8006 2880 2 Tilley Maureen A North Africa In The Cambridge History of Christianity Volume I Origins to Constantine edited by Margaret M Mitchell and Frances M Young 381 396 New York Cambridge University Press 2006 ISBN 978 0 521 81239 9 Trompf G W Early Christian Historiography Narratives of redistributive justice New York Continuum 2000 ISBN 0 8264 5294 9 Walter Christopher The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition Ashgate Publishing 2003 ISBN 1 84014 694 X Williams Stephen Diocletian and the Roman Recovery New York Routledge 1997 ISBN 0 415 91827 8 Woods David Two Notes on the Great Persecution Journal of Theological Studies 43 1 1992 128 134 Woods David Veturius and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution Mnemosyne 54 5 2001 587 591 外部連結 编辑A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Persecution of Christians from Britannica 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 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