Asher, R. E. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 2535–2540). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Blakemore, D. (1994). Evidence and modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 1183–1186). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4.
Bybee, Joan; Perkins, Revere, & Pagliuca, William (1994). The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Calbert, J. P. (1975). Toward the semantics of modality. In J. P. Calbert & H. Vater (Eds.), Aspekte der Modalität. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Callaham, Scott N. (2010). Modality and the Biblical Hebrew Infinitive Absolute. Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 71. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Chung, Sandra; & Timberlake, Alan (1985). Tense, aspect and mood. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon (Vol. 3, pp. 202-258). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Elliott, Jennifer R. (2000). Realis and irrealis: Forms and concepts of the grammaticalisation of reality. In: Linguistic Typology (Vol. 4, pp. 55-90).
Kaufmann, S.; Condoravdi, C. & Harizanov, V. (2006)Formal approaches to modality. In: Frawley, W. (Ed.). The Expression of Modality. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Kratzer, A. (1981). The notional category of modality. In H.-J. Eikmeyer & H. Rieser (Eds.), Words, worlds, and contexts: New approaches in word semantics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Kratzer, A. (1991). Modality. In: von Stechow, A. & Wunderlich, D. (Eds.) Semantics: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Mithun, M. (1995). On the Relativity of Irreality. In: Bybee, J. & Fleischman, S. (Eds.) Modality in Grammar and Discourse John Benjamins
Palmer, F. R. (1979). Modality and the English modals. London: Longman.
Palmer, F. R. (1994). Mood and modality. Cambridge Univ. Press. Second edition 2001.
Portner, P. (2009) Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Saeed, John I. (2003). Sentence semantics 1: Situations: Modality and evidentiality. In J. I Saeed, Semantics (2nd. ed) (Sec. 5.3, pp. 135–143). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22692-3, ISBN 0-631-22693-1.
Sweetser, E. E. (1982). Root and epistemic modality: Causality in two worlds. Berkeley Linguistic Papers, 8, 484-507.
二月 01, 2023
情态, 此條目可能过多或不当地使用了受版权保护的文字, 图像及多媒体文件, 2012年9月27日, 请仔细阅读有关媒体文件合理使用的方针和指引, 并协助改正违反规定的使用, 然后移除此消息框, 在条目讨论页可能有更多的详细信息, modality, 是一个语法学术语, 是用来体现说话者对其所言的主观态度的句法语义范畴, 目录, 功能, 语法形式, 参考文献, 參考文獻功能, 编辑本来, 句子是表达说话者的所知, 看法或要求的, 而则是为了表达说话者主观上认为自己的所知, 看法的真实性, 可能, 或实现自己要求的强制. 此條目可能过多或不当地使用了受版权保护的文字 图像及多媒体文件 2012年9月27日 请仔细阅读有关媒体文件合理使用的方针和指引 并协助改正违反规定的使用 然后移除此消息框 在条目讨论页可能有更多的详细信息 情态 modality 是一个语法学术语 是用来体现说话者对其所言的主观态度的句法语义范畴 1 目录 1 功能 2 语法形式 3 参考文献 4 參考文獻功能 编辑本来 句子是表达说话者的所知 看法或要求的 而情态则是为了表达说话者主观上认为自己的所知 看法的真实性 可能 或实现自己要求的强制性 必要 或意愿性 意愿 如何 提供了若干种不同的选择 1 比如 1 火车开走了 2 火车一定开走了 3 火车可能开走了 4 我认为火车开走了 这四个句子所表达的意义涉及同样的一个事件 但说话者对于句中描述的时间和真实世界的关系所持有的态度却有不同 句 1 采用的是客观陈述的凡是 说话者对事件的真实性确定无误 而其余三句都增加了说话者的主观态度的表达 其中句 3 对事实真实性的确信程度最低 参见 模态逻辑语法形式 编辑情态范畴主要由情态动词或 我认为 我相信 我肯定 我确定 等小句来体现 1 参见 情态动词参考文献 编辑 1 0 1 1 1 2 李娟 2010 语言学纲要 修订版 北京 北京大学出版社 148页 參考文獻 编辑Asher R E ed The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics pp 2535 2540 Oxford Pergamon Press Blakemore D 1994 Evidence and modality In R E Asher Ed The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics pp 1183 1186 Oxford Pergamon Press ISBN 0 08 035943 4 Bybee Joan Perkins Revere amp Pagliuca William 1994 The evolution of grammar Tense aspect and modality in the languages of the world Chicago University of Chicago Press Calbert J P 1975 Toward the semantics of modality In J P Calbert amp H Vater Eds Aspekte der Modalitat Tubingen Gunter Narr Callaham Scott N 2010 Modality and the Biblical Hebrew Infinitive Absolute Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes 71 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Chung Sandra amp Timberlake Alan 1985 Tense aspect and mood In T Shopen Ed Language typology and syntactic description Grammatical categories and the lexicon Vol 3 pp 202 258 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Elliott Jennifer R 2000 Realis and irrealis Forms and concepts of the grammaticalisation of reality In Linguistic Typology Vol 4 pp 55 90 Kaufmann S Condoravdi C amp Harizanov V 2006 Formal approaches to modality In Frawley W Ed The Expression of Modality Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter Kratzer A 1981 The notional category of modality In H J Eikmeyer amp H Rieser Eds Words worlds and contexts New approaches in word semantics Berlin Walter de Gruyter Kratzer A 1991 Modality In von Stechow A amp Wunderlich D Eds Semantics An International Handbook of Contemporary Research Berlin Walter de Gruyter Mithun M 1995 On the Relativity of Irreality In Bybee J amp Fleischman S Eds Modality in Grammar and Discourse John Benjamins Palmer F R 1979 Modality and the English modals London Longman Palmer F R 1994 Mood and modality Cambridge Univ Press Second edition 2001 Portner P 2009 Modality Oxford Oxford University Press Saeed John I 2003 Sentence semantics 1 Situations Modality and evidentiality In J I Saeed Semantics 2nd ed Sec 5 3 pp 135 143 Malden MA Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0 631 22692 3 ISBN 0 631 22693 1 Sweetser E E 1982 Root and epistemic modality Causality in two worlds Berkeley Linguistic Papers 8 484 507 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 情态 amp oldid 68018382, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
