维基百科
希腊-弗里吉亚语
| 此條目的引用需要清理，使其符合格式。 (2021年10月6日) |
希腊-弗里吉亚语族是印欧语系假定的次级分类，包含希腊语族和弗里吉亚语。
主流观点一般认为希腊语是弗里吉亚语关系最近的亲属，支持者有Brixhe、Neumann、Matzinger、Woodhouse、Ligorio、Lubotsky和Obrador-Cursach。此外，Obrador Cursach收集的36条共同创新证据中，弗里吉亚语和希腊语共享34个，其中22个是它们独有的。最近50年来，弗里吉亚语学界发展出了希腊-弗里吉亚语假说，认为希腊语和弗里吉亚语有共同祖先。如果弗里吉亚语的语料能再多些，这种语言应该能被构拟出来。[2]:72[3]:171[4]:1816[5]:102[6]:238-239[6]:243
证据 编辑
语言学家Claude Brixhe指出下列希腊语和弗里吉亚语共享且特有的特征：[2]
Obrador-Cursach (2019)给出了语音学、形态学和词汇学证据以支持希腊语和弗里吉亚语间的紧密关系，并附以弗里吉亚语、希腊语、亚美尼亚语、阿尔巴尼亚语和印度-伊朗语族的共同创新。[6]:234-238
| 弗里吉亚语特征 | 希腊 | 亚美尼亚 | 阿尔巴尼亚 | 印度-伊朗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 颚音 | + | - | - | - |
| *CRh₃C > *CRōC | + | - | - | - |
| /s/失落 | + | + | + | - |
| 词首增元音 | + | + | + | - |
| *-ih₂ > -iya | + | - | + | - |
| *ki̯- > s- | + | - | - | - |
| *-m > -n | + | + | ? | - |
| *M > T | - | + | - | - |
| 弗里吉亚语特征 | 希腊 | 亚美尼亚 | 阿尔巴尼亚 | 印度-伊朗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 条件的ai | + | - | - | - |
| e增音 | + | + | + | + |
| e-指示词 | + | - | - | - |
| *-eh₂-s 阳性 | + | - | - | - |
| t-扩大 | + | - | - | - |
| -e-yo-中的动词 | + | - | - | - |
| -o-yo-中的动词 | + | - | - | - |
| *-dhn̥ | + | - | - | - |
| *dhh₁s-ó- | + | - | - | - |
| *-eu̯-/*-ēu̯- | + | - | - | - |
| *gu̯her-mo- | + | + | + | - |
| *gu̯neh₂-ik- | + | + | - | - |
| *h₂eu̯-to- | + | - | + | - |
| *h₃nh₃-mn- | + | + | - | - |
| *méǵh₂-s | + | - | - | - |
| *meh₁ | + | + | + | + |
| *-mh₁no- | + | - | - | - |
| ni(y)/νι | + | - | - | - |
| *-(t)or | - | ? | - | - |
| -toy/-τοι | + | - | - | + |
- ^ 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。
| 弗里吉亚语特征 | 希腊 | 亚美尼亚 | 阿尔巴尼亚 | 印度-伊朗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *bhoh₂-t-/*bheh₂-t- | + | - | - | - |
| *(h₁)en-mén- | + | - | - | - |
| *ǵhl̥h₃-ró- | + | - | - | - |
| kako- | + | - | - | - |
| ken- | + | + | - | - |
| *koru̯- | + | - | - | - |
| *mōro- | + | - | - | - |
| *sleh₂gu̯- | + | - | - | - |
- ^ 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。
其他假设 编辑
希腊语也曾被与亚美尼亚语和印度-伊朗语族(希腊-亚美尼亚语、希腊-雅利安语)、古马其顿语(希腊语族)、晚些时候和梅萨比语被划在一起。希腊语和古马其顿语最常组成希腊语族；其他时候古马其顿语被视作是希腊语方言，这时候希腊语族只包括希腊语方言。语言学家瓦茨拉夫·布拉热科认为，就这些语言的系属分类而言，“语料中的词汇尚不足以支持定量分析”(参见语料库语言学和定量比较语言学)。[7]:6
参考 编辑
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Brixhe, Claude. Phrygian. Woodard, Roger D (编). . Cambridge University Press. 2008 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. （原始内容存档于2022-03-19）."Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek."
- ^ Woodhouse 2009:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.
- ^ Ligorio & Lubotsky (2018): "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations [...] It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE.
- ^ Obrador-Cursach 2018:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Obrador-Cursach 2020:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44). 引证错误：带有name属性“FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020”的
<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ Blažek, Václav. On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: survey (PDF). Linguistica Online. November 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISSN 1801-5336. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-20）.
书目 编辑
- Ligorio, Orsat; Lubotsky, Alexander. . Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. HSK 41.3. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018 [2021-10-01]. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-022. （原始内容存档于2021-08-16）.:1816–1831
- Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. (PDF). University of Barcelona - Faculty of Philology - Department of Classical, Romance and Semitic Philology. 2018 [2021-10-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-08）.
- Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. . Journal of Language Relationship. 2020, 17 (3–4) [2021-10-01]. S2CID 215769896. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407 . （原始内容存档于2020-10-18）.
- Woodhouse, Robert. . Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. 2009, 126 (1) [2021-10-01]. ISSN 2083-4624. （原始内容存档于2021-06-06）.
阅读更多 编辑
- Blažek, Václav. (PDF). Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity 10. Brno: Masarykova univerzita: 15–33. 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 80-210-3784-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-05-09）.
- Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, Mark (编). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002.:246–266
- Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction 2nd. Blackwell. 2011.:203, 252
- Masson, Olivier. Anatolian Languages. Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (编). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1991.:668–669
- Woudhuizen, Fred C. (PDF). Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society 40–41: 181–217. 2008–2009. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 April 2014）.