^Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1997: 519. ISBN 978-0-297-00220-8. 'At this day', wrote Reginald Scot in 1584, 'it is indifferent to say in the English tongue, "she is a witch" or "she is a wise woman".' Nevertheless, it is possible to isolate that kind of 'witchcraft' which involved the employment (or presumed employment) of some occult means of doing harm to other people in a way which was generally disapproved of. In this sense the belief in witchcraft can be defined as the attribution of misfortune to occult human agency. A witch was a person of either sex (but more often female) who could mysteriously injure other people.
^Hutton, Ronald. The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. Yale University Press. 2017: ix. What is a witch? The standard scholarly definition of one was summed up in 1978 by a leading expert in the anthropology of religion, Rodney Needham, as 'someone who causes harm to others by mystical means'. In stating this, he was self-consciously not providing a personal view of the matter, but summing up an established scholarly consensus [...] When the only historian of the European trials to set them systematically in a global context in recent years, Wolfgang Behringer, undertook his task, he termed witchcraft 'a generic term for all kinds of evil magic and sorcery, as perceived by contemporaries'. Again, in doing so he was self-consciously perpetuating a scholarly norm. That usage has persisted till the present among anthropologists and historians...
行進 07, 2023
巫術, 此條目需要补充更多来源, 2009年3月15日, 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目, 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而移除, 致使用者, 请搜索一下条目的标题, 来源搜索, 网页, 新闻, 书籍, 学术, 图像, 以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源, 判定指引, 关于名为, 巫术, 的電子角色扮演遊戲系列, 请见, 巫术系列, 巫术, 英語, witchcraft, 是一種基於聯想和相信的原始神秘儀式, 目录, 概要, 的歷史, 的起源, 獵殺女巫, 的分類, 交感, 模擬, 巫師的分類, 參. 此條目需要补充更多来源 2009年3月15日 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而移除 致使用者 请搜索一下条目的标题 来源搜索 巫術 网页 新闻 书籍 学术 图像 以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源 判定指引 关于名为 巫术 的電子角色扮演遊戲系列 请见 巫术系列 巫術 巫术 英語 witchcraft 是一種基於聯想和相信的原始神秘儀式 1 2 目录 1 概要 2 巫術的歷史 2 1 巫術的起源 2 2 獵殺女巫 3 巫術的分類 3 1 交感巫術 3 2 模擬巫術 3 3 巫師的分類 4 參考資料概要 编辑巫術是迄今為止人類所知的最早的神秘儀式 原始時代的人類在宗教儀式誕生前所使用的便是巫術 最古老的巫術又被稱作交感巫術 本質上巫術來源於聯想 有著相似律和接觸律兩大基本原則 而這也是後續的宗教儀式及各類神秘誕生的基礎巫術的歷史 编辑巫術的起源 编辑 最晚在八萬年前左右的尼安德塔人已經開始安葬死者 並擁有靈魂的意識及信仰前 人類已有巫術儀式 法國社會學學者涂爾幹 1858 1917 認為巫術源於人類開始有宗教意識 德國社會學者马克斯 韦伯 1864 1920 認為源於無文字時期的前泛靈信仰 法國人類學者李維史陀 1908 2009 認為巫術是正常思維在盡力理解它所面對的宇宙 卻又無法掌握它時 所產生了病態思維及解釋來充實不足的現實 獵殺女巫 编辑 主条目 獵巫 獵巫從12世紀起至16世紀達到最高峰的時期 當時基督教已經傳入一段時間了 並且成為歐洲的主流宗教 源自於對於未知的恐懼和對巫術的害怕導致獵殺女巫 在高峰的時代 獵巫審判是於世俗法院審判 1485年兩位德國修士著作的獵巫手冊 女巫之槌 面世後 令整個歐洲社會把獵巫的矛頭指向女性 不過這一時期的女巫概念泛指可以使用神秘的女性 而不再是專指使用古老巫術儀式者 巫術的分類 编辑英國人類學者詹姆斯 弗雷澤 1854 1941 認為巫術只是因果觀念的一種錯誤聯想 其將之命名為 交感巫術 英语 sympathetic magic 交感巫術 编辑 交感巫術分為兩種巫術 一種是遵循同類相生原則由結果逆推得到原因的順勢巫術 英语 Homoeopathic magic 另一種則是舉凡曾經接觸過的兩種東西 以後即使分開了 也能夠互相感應 這叫做接觸巫術 因此施術於腳印 衣物 這些腳印 衣物也能與人體互相感應 受害者將受影響 通常較少見單純的接觸巫術 接觸巫術往往會和順勢巫術一同使用 模擬巫術 编辑 模擬巫術又稱順勢巫術 是可以模擬某物 某狀態或者模擬結果順勢得出原因的巫術 像是在古代巫師通過模擬慶祝新生兒誕生的過程來幫助生產就是一種順勢巫術 巫師的分類 编辑 此章节的準確性有爭議 作為古老巫術儀式的使用者 巫師可大致分為男巫 覡 和女巫 參考資料 编辑 Thomas Keith Religion and the Decline of Magic Oxford England Oxford University Press 1997 519 ISBN 978 0 297 00220 8 At this day wrote Reginald Scot in 1584 it is indifferent to say in the English tongue she is a witch or she is a wise woman Nevertheless it is possible to isolate that kind of witchcraft which involved the employment or presumed employment of some occult means of doing harm to other people in a way which was generally disapproved of In this sense the belief in witchcraft can be defined as the attribution of misfortune to occult human agency A witch was a person of either sex but more often female who could mysteriously injure other people Hutton Ronald The Witch A History of Fear from Ancient Times to the Present Yale University Press 2017 ix What is a witch The standard scholarly definition of one was summed up in 1978 by a leading expert in the anthropology of religion Rodney Needham as someone who causes harm to others by mystical means In stating this he was self consciously not providing a personal view of the matter but summing up an established scholarly consensus When the only historian of the European trials to set them systematically in a global context in recent years Wolfgang Behringer undertook his task he termed witchcraft a generic term for all kinds of evil magic and sorcery as perceived by contemporaries Again in doing so he was self consciously perpetuating a scholarly norm That usage has persisted till the present among anthropologists and historians 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 巫術 amp oldid 75878141, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
