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塞爾柱王朝

一月 25, 2023

提示：此条目的主题不是塞爾柱帝國。

塞爾柱王朝（波斯語： آل سلجوق，Al-e Saljuq）是中世纪时期由乌古斯突厥人建立起的遜尼派穆斯林王朝[1][2][3]，后期王朝成員逐渐波斯化，为中世紀时期西亚及中亞地區突厥-波斯文化的發展打下了基础[4][5]。塞爾柱王朝曾建立大塞爾柱帝國以及罗姆蘇丹國，統治區域東起波斯、西達安納托利亞高原，王朝的擴張使安納托利亞、高加索等地突厥化，也间接地引发了第一次十字軍東征。

塞爾柱王朝
國家大塞爾柱帝國
罗姆蘇丹國
頭銜
創立10世紀 - 塞爾柱
解體大馬士革:
1104 - Muhi ad-Din Baqtash被廢黜

大塞爾柱帝國:
1194 - 圖赫里勒三世被殺

魯姆蘇丹國:
1307 - 梅蘇德二世去世

歷史

塞爾柱人源自於突厥烏古斯人分支[6][7][8][9]，他們在9世紀生活於穆斯林世界邊緣，包含中亞的裏海北部和鹹海、哈薩克草原（英语：Kazakh Steppe）、突厥斯坦阿姆河畔等地。他們騎術精湛，周邊勢力常來此招募傭兵。波斯散文家賈希茲（英语：Al-Jahiz）形容他們：

10世紀中期，由於加兹尼王国僱傭他們擔任河中地區的警備，烏古斯人開始與周邊穆斯林城市密切往來。

10世紀末，塞爾柱人的領袖塞爾柱·貝格與烏古斯人頭目葉護反目後，他率領部族移居於下錫爾河西岸（Jaxartes）。西元985年左右，塞爾柱人皈依了伊斯蘭教[11]。

1025年，图格鲁勒·貝格，恰格勒·貝格兄弟和叔叔穆薩·優素福(Musa Yabghu)等人率領塞爾柱部族南遷進入波斯呼羅珊省，協助喀喇汗國的王族阿里特勤對抗加兹尼王族穆哈馬德（英语：Muhammad of Ghazni）的攻擊，1029年，貝格兄弟與阿里特勤發生爭執，同盟關係緊張，不過加兹尼此時也陷入內戰，是故戰端稍歇。

1030年，穆哈馬德的雙胞胎兄長馬蘇德一世（英语：Mas'ud I of Ghazni）結束內戰成為新蘇丹，他繼承了弟弟及父親马哈茂德攻略河中地區的方針向北方施壓。1032年，達布西耶之戰（英语：Battle of Dabusiyya）爆發，貝格兄弟再次出兵協助阿里特勤，在喀喇汗軍與加兹尼軍互有損失的狀況下，兩軍協議各自退兵回國。

1035年，沙赫·馬立克在花剌子模擊敗貝格兄弟，南逃的兄弟向舊敵馬蘇德一世求援，馬蘇德一世斷然拒絕並派遣貝脫迪（英语：Begtoghdik）前去消滅對方，結果加兹尼軍大敗指揮官被俘，馬蘇德一世不得不割讓拿沙（Nasa）、法拉瓦（Farava）、大益等地給塞爾柱人。

1037年，图格鲁勒自封為蘇丹，並於隔年攻下加兹尼首都尼沙普爾。[12][10]

1040年，衝突再次發生，塞爾柱人在丹丹納干戰役重創加兹尼軍隊[13]，稍後，大塞爾柱帝國建立。帝國各地的原住民在接下來的幾十年中受到波斯文化影響，在宗教、語言以及風俗上被強制同化。[14][15][16][17][18]。

参考资料

  1. ^ "Turkish dynasty also spelled Seljuk ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire....".Encyclopedia Brittanica
  2. ^ "The Turkish groups of the greatest import in the history of Europe and W Asia were, however, the Seljuks and the Osmanli or Ottoman Turks, both members of the Oghuz confederations.".Encyclopedia Columbia 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2013-11-11.
  3. ^ Saljuqs, Andrew Peacock, Encyclopaedia Iranica, (May 25, 2010)."A dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled much of Anatolia".Encyclopedia Iranica
  4. ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161,164; "..renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran..", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
  5. ^ Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther: "... the Turks were illiteratre and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire"(pg 9)
  6. ^ Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2007-01-14. article
  7. ^ Merriam-Webster Online – Definition of Seljuk
  8. ^ The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK)
  9. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey – Stanford Shaw (LINK)
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Francis Robinson（ 法蘭西斯·魯賓遜 ）. 劍橋插圖伊斯蘭世界史. 黃中憲譯. 臺灣: 如果出版社. 2008. ISBN 9789866702198. 
  11. ^ Michael Adas, Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.
  12. ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: 994-1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 242.
  13. ^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.
  14. ^ O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2012-01-22.)
  15. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
  16. ^ M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–6 (2005), pp. 157–69
  17. ^ M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2007-03-11.): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
  18. ^ F. Daftary, Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times, in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."

延伸閱讀

  • Dietrich, Richard. The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks. Turkish Historical Review. 2018, 9 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1163/18775462-00901002. 
  • Grousset, Rene. The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 1988: 147. ISBN 0813506271. 
  • Peacock, A.C.S., Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation; New York, NY; Routledge; 2010
  • Previté-Orton, C. W. The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1971. 


一月 25, 2023
塞爾柱王朝, 提示, 此条目的主题不是塞爾柱帝國, 波斯語, آل, سلجوق, saljuq, 是中世纪时期由乌古斯突厥人建立起的遜尼派穆斯林王朝, 后期王朝成員逐渐波斯化, 为中世紀时期西亚及中亞地區突厥, 波斯文化的發展打下了基础, 曾建立大塞爾柱帝國以及罗姆蘇丹國, 統治區域東起波斯, 西達安納托利亞高原, 王朝的擴張使安納托利亞, 高加索等地突厥化, 也间接地引发了第一次十字軍東征, 國家大塞爾柱帝國罗姆蘇丹國頭銜大塞爾柱帝國, 罗姆蘇丹國, 大馬士革埃米尔国, 英语, emir, damascus, . 提示 此条目的主题不是塞爾柱帝國 塞爾柱王朝 波斯語 آل سلجوق Al e Saljuq 是中世纪时期由乌古斯突厥人建立起的遜尼派穆斯林王朝 1 2 3 后期王朝成員逐渐波斯化 为中世紀时期西亚及中亞地區突厥 波斯文化的發展打下了基础 4 5 塞爾柱王朝曾建立大塞爾柱帝國以及罗姆蘇丹國 統治區域東起波斯 西達安納托利亞高原 王朝的擴張使安納托利亞 高加索等地突厥化 也间接地引发了第一次十字軍東征 塞爾柱王朝國家大塞爾柱帝國罗姆蘇丹國頭銜大塞爾柱帝國 罗姆蘇丹國 大馬士革埃米尔国 英语 Emir of Damascus 阿勒頗埃米尔国 英语 Emir of Aleppo 創立10世紀 塞爾柱解體大馬士革 1104 Muhi ad Din Baqtash被廢黜 大塞爾柱帝國 1194 圖赫里勒三世被殺 魯姆蘇丹國 1307 梅蘇德二世去世歷史 编辑塞爾柱人源自於突厥烏古斯人分支 6 7 8 9 他們在9世紀生活於穆斯林世界邊緣 包含中亞的裏海北部和鹹海 哈薩克草原 英语 Kazakh Steppe 突厥斯坦阿姆河畔等地 他們騎術精湛 周邊勢力常來此招募傭兵 波斯散文家賈希茲 英语 Al Jahiz 形容他們 突厥人 對手工藝或商業 醫學 幾何學 水果種植 建築 開鑿運河或稅務不感興趣 只喜歡劫掠 打獵 騎術 與敵對部族打小仗 掠奪戰利品 入侵其他國家 10 10世紀中期 由於加兹尼王国僱傭他們擔任河中地區的警備 烏古斯人開始與周邊穆斯林城市密切往來 10世紀末 塞爾柱人的領袖塞爾柱 貝格與烏古斯人頭目葉護反目後 他率領部族移居於下錫爾河西岸 Jaxartes 西元985年左右 塞爾柱人皈依了伊斯蘭教 11 1025年 图格鲁勒 貝格 恰格勒 貝格兄弟和叔叔穆薩 優素福 Musa Yabghu 等人率領塞爾柱部族南遷進入波斯呼羅珊省 協助喀喇汗國的王族阿里特勤對抗加兹尼王族穆哈馬德 英语 Muhammad of Ghazni 的攻擊 1029年 貝格兄弟與阿里特勤發生爭執 同盟關係緊張 不過加兹尼此時也陷入內戰 是故戰端稍歇 1030年 穆哈馬德的雙胞胎兄長馬蘇德一世 英语 Mas ud I of Ghazni 結束內戰成為新蘇丹 他繼承了弟弟及父親马哈茂德攻略河中地區的方針向北方施壓 1032年 達布西耶之戰 英语 Battle of Dabusiyya 爆發 貝格兄弟再次出兵協助阿里特勤 在喀喇汗軍與加兹尼軍互有損失的狀況下 兩軍協議各自退兵回國 1035年 沙赫 馬立克在花剌子模擊敗貝格兄弟 南逃的兄弟向舊敵馬蘇德一世求援 馬蘇德一世斷然拒絕並派遣貝脫迪 英语 Begtoghdik 前去消滅對方 結果加兹尼軍大敗指揮官被俘 馬蘇德一世不得不割讓拿沙 Nasa 法拉瓦 Farava 大益等地給塞爾柱人 1037年 图格鲁勒自封為蘇丹 並於隔年攻下加兹尼首都尼沙普爾 12 10 1040年 衝突再次發生 塞爾柱人在丹丹納干戰役重創加兹尼軍隊 13 稍後 大塞爾柱帝國建立 帝國各地的原住民在接下來的幾十年中受到波斯文化影響 在宗教 語言以及風俗上被強制同化 14 15 16 17 18 参考资料 编辑 Turkish dynasty also spelled Seljuk ruling military family of the Oguz Ghuzz Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire Encyclopedia Brittanica The Turkish groups of the greatest import in the history of Europe and W Asia were however the Seljuks and the Osmanli or Ottoman Turks both members of the Oghuz confederations Encyclopedia Columbia 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2013 11 11 Saljuqs Andrew Peacock Encyclopaedia Iranica May 25 2010 A dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled much of Anatolia Encyclopedia Iranica Grousset Rene The Empire of the Steppes Rutgers University Press 1991 161 164 renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko Persian empire in eastern Iran It is to be noted that the Seljuks those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia did not Turkify Persia no doubt because they did not wish to do so On the contrary it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace Nishapuri Zahir al Din Nishapuri 2001 The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami al Tawarikh An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq nama of Zahir al Din Nishapuri Partial tr K A Luther ed C E Bosworth Richmond UK K A Luther the Turks were illiteratre and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes poets jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire pg 9 Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2007 01 14 article Merriam Webster Online Definition of Seljuk The History of the Seljuq Turks From the Jami Al Tawarikh LINK History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Stanford Shaw LINK 10 0 10 1 Francis Robinson 法蘭西斯 魯賓遜 劍橋插圖伊斯蘭世界史 黃中憲譯 臺灣 如果出版社 2008 ISBN 9789866702198 Michael Adas Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Temple University Press 2001 99 C E Bosworth The Ghaznavids 994 1040 Edinburgh University Press 1963 242 Tony Jaques Dictionary of Battles and Sieges F O Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 476 O Ozgundenli Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition LINK 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2012 01 22 Encyclopaedia Britannica Seljuq Online Edition LINK 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship M Ravandi The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities in Mesogeios Mediterranean Studies vol 25 6 2005 pp 157 69 M A Amir Moezzi Shahrbanu Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition LINK 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2007 03 11 here one might bear in mind that Turco Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints F Daftary Sectarian and National Movements in Iran Khorasan and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times in History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol 4 pt 1 edited by M S Asimov and C E Bosworth UNESCO Publishing Institute of Ismaili Studies Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders but they imposed their own tongue on them The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks eleventh and twelfth centuries the Timurids fourteenth fifteenth centuries and the Qajars nineteenth twentieth centuries 延伸閱讀 编辑Dietrich Richard The Names of Seljuk s Sons as Evidence for the Pre Islamic Religion of the Seljuks Turkish Historical Review 2018 9 1 54 70 doi 10 1163 18775462 00901002 Grousset Rene The Empire of the Steppes a History of Central Asia New Brunswick Rutgers University Press 1988 147 ISBN 0813506271 Peacock A C S Early Seljuq History A New Interpretation New York NY Routledge 2010 Previte Orton C W The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1971 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 塞爾柱王朝 amp oldid 70011192, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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