国际和平局
国际和平局（IPB：International Peace Bureau) 成立于1891年[1]，是世界上最早成立的国际和平组织，1910年获得诺贝尔和平奖[2][3]。1913年，亨利·拉方丹也以国际和平局局長的身份获得诺贝尔和平奖[4][5]。截至2012年，共有12名国际和平局成员獲得诺贝尔和平奖[6] 。
| International Peace Bureau | |
| 簡稱 | IPB |
|---|---|
| 成立時間 | 1891年 |
| 類型 | NGO |
| 總部 | 柏林 |
| 坐標 | 52°31′21″N 13°23′01″E / 52.522454°N 13.383641°E坐标：52°31′21″N 13°23′01″E / 52.522454°N 13.383641°E |
| 標語 | 裁軍促進發展（Disarmament for Development） |
| 目標 | 獻給沒有戰爭的世界（Dedicated to a world without war） |
| 獎項 | 诺贝尔和平奖 |
| 網站 | www.ipb.org |
The International Peace Bureau (IPB) (法語：Bureau international de la paix), founded in 1891,[1] is one of the world's oldest international peace federations. The organisation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910 for acting "as a link between the peace societies of the various countries".[2][7] In 1913 Henri La Fontaine was also awarded the Prize "[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau".[4][8] 截至2012年[update], eleven other Nobel Peace Prize laureates have been members of the IPB.[9]
Its membership consists of 300 organizations in 70 countries.[10] IPB's headquarters are located in Berlin, Germany, with offices in Barcelona, Spain, and Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to 2017, the headquarters were in Geneva.
Its main programmes are the Global Campaign on Military Spending (GCOMS) and disarmament for sustainable development, which focuses both on nuclear and conventional weapons, as well as biological weapons, landmines, and small arms.[10][11]
IPB holds Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and associate status with the United Nations Department of Global Communications.[12]
IPB was founded under the name Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la Paix). From 1912 onward it used the name International Peace Bureau. Between 1946 and 1961, it was known under the name International Liaison Committee of Organizations for Peace – ILCOP (Comité de liaison international des organisations de paix – CLIOP).
Global Campaign on Military Spending
The Global Campaign on Military Spending (GCOMS) is a permanent, global, year-round campaign that was created in December 2014 by the IPB to tackle the worldwide issue of excessive military spending.[13]
The aim of the campaign is to pressure the world's governments to invest money in the sectors of health, education, employment and climate change rather than military. It also calls for an annual, minimum reallocation of 10% from the military budgets of all states. Finally, it advocates the reduction of arms production and international weapons trade.[14]
The campaign organises the Global Day of Action on Military Spending (GDAMS) to bring public, media and political attention to the costs of military spending and the need to invest in new priorities.[15]
GCOMS is managed from the decentralised Barcelona, Spain, office of IPB in coordination with Centre Delàs of Peace Studies. More than 100 organisations from 35 countries have joined the campaign.[16]
Nuclear disarmament activism
IPB has been in the forefront of nuclear disarmament activities since 1945, including:
- Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
- World Court Project
- Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)
Currently, the IPB is campaigning to encourage the signing and ratification of the TPNW so that it may enter into force.[17]
Seán MacBride Peace Prize
Established in 1992, the Seán MacBride Peace Prize is awarded by the International Peace Bureau to a person or organisation that "has done outstanding work for peace, disarmament and/or human rights."[18][19] It is named after Seán MacBride, a Nobel Peace Prize winner who was chairman of the IPB from 1968 to 1974 and president from 1974 to 1985.[20][21]
Recipients
The following are the recipients of the Seán MacBride Peace Prize since its inception in 1992: [18]
| Year | Recipient | Notes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Michael D. Higgins | ||
| 1993 | Motarilavoa Hilda Lini | Played a key role in the WHO's decision to approve a request to the World Court on the legal status of nuclear weapons. | |
| 1994 | Mordechai Vanunu | Sentenced to 18 years solitary confinement for revealing details of Israel's nuclear arsenal. | |
| 1995 | The Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia | Foremost among Russian citizens’ groups opposing the war in Chechnya. | |
| 1996 | Selim Bešlagić | For "his fight against nationalism, ethnic cleansing and intolerance during his country's war." | [22] |
| 1997 | Seeds of Hope Group | For disarming a Hawk aircraft bound for Indonesia. | |
| 1998 | John Hume | For "his contribution to the Northern Ireland peace process." | [23] |
| 1999 | Barbara Gladysch | For her "extraordinary and year-long commitment to disarmament and practical solidarity with victims of wars and disasters." | [24] |
| 2000 | 1) Praful Bidwai 2) Achin Vanaik | For being at the "forefront of the international campaign against the nuclearisation of South Asia." | [25] |
| 2001 | Rosalie Bertell | For "her lifelong engagement to the cause of peace and for her deep concern for the well-being of peoples all over the planet. | [26] |
| 2002 | Barbara Lee | For "her sole vote against the bombing of Afghanistan." | [27] |
| 2003 | Nihon Hidankyō | Survivors of the A bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. They have devoted the rest of their lives to the elimination of nuclear weapons. | |
| 2004 | Geneva Initiative on the Middle East | ||
| 2005 | No award made | ||
| 2006 | Mayors for Peace: 1) Tadatoshi Akiba | For "its achievements in arousing international public demand for the abolition of nuclear weapons and lasting world peace." | [28] |
| 2007 | Jayantha Dhanapala | For "his dedication to the cause of disarmament and his initiatives towards creating the Central Asian Nuclear-Weapons Free Zone." | [29] |
| 2008 | Jacqueline Cabasso | For "her years of outstanding work with NGOs and initiatives toward peace and the abolition of nuclear weapons." | [30] |
| 2009 | Betty Reardon | For "her contribution to peace education and to the wider peace movement." | [31] |
| 2010 | Binalakshmi Nepram | For "her extraordinary efforts to promote disarmament and an end to gun violence in India." | [32] |
| 2011 | 1) Hanaa Edwar 2) Dr. Peter Becker | 1) For "her contribution to the advancement of democracy and human rights, as well as her firm stand against violence and war;" 2) For his work with the German section of the International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA). | [33][34] |
| 2012 | 1) Lina Ben Mhenni 2) Nawal El Saadawi | For showing "great courage and ... substantial contributions to what is known as the Arab Spring." | [35] |
| 2013 | Chelsea Manning | For her "courageous actions in revealing information about US war crimes." | [36] |
| 2014 | The People and Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands | For "courageously taking the nine nuclear weapons-possessing countries to the International Court of Justice to enforce compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty and international customary law." | [37] |
| 2015 | The People and the Island Communities of Lampedusa, Italy and Jeju Island, South Korea | For showing "a profound commitment to peace and social justice." | [38] |
| 2016 | IPB Secretary-General Colin Archer | For 26 years "in the service of peace and of the IPB community." | [39] |
| 2017 | 1) All Okinawa Council Against Henoko New Base 2) Noam Chomsky 3) Jeremy Corbyn | 1) For "its unflagging commitment to close the Futemna Marine Air Base, and for its nonviolent opposition to the construction of a massive new air, land and sea base in Henoko;" 2) For his "tireless commitment to peace, his strong critiques to U.S. foreign policy, and his anti-imperialism;" 3) For his "sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace." | [19] |
| 2018 | 1) Association For Historical Dialogue and Research and Home for Cooperation 2) Helena Maleno 3) Douglas Roche | 1) For its "efforts and promotion of [a] Culture of Peace and as well as the peace building activities;" 2) For her "efforts to save hundreds of lives in the Mediterranean Sea, and her strong commitment to defending human rights;" 3) For his "tireless efforts to promote international peace and disarmament." | [40] |
| 2019 | 1) Bruce Kent 2) Elayne Whyte Gómez | 1) An "internationally known peace activist and a 'real peace hero' who, even in his 90th year, remains an active campaigner and organizer for peace and human rights." 2) For "her invaluable contribution to the completion of the historic Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons." | [41] |
| 2020 | Black Lives Matter | For its ‘leading roles in building resistance to and transforming local policies against systemic police violence and extrajudicial murders of Black people across the United States.’ | [42] |
Leadership
At the Triennial Assembly held in London on October 19 2019, a new group of IPB officials was elected.[43]
President
The current co-presidents are:[43]
Treasurer
The current Treasurer is:[43]
| Country | Name |
|---|---|
| 德國 | Lucas Wirl |
Vice-presidents
The vice-presidents deputise for the president when necessary. The current vice-presidents are: [43]
Board members
The board members are the following: [43]
| Country | Name |
|---|---|
| 法國 | Alain Rouy |
| 法國 | Arielle Denis |
| 印度 | Binalakshmi Nepram |
| 蒙古 | Enkhsaikhan Jargalsaikhan |
| 韩国 | Jun Kyu Lee |
| 阿根廷 | Patricia Perez |
| 日本 | Rieko Asato-Kodama |
| 加拿大 | Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan |
| 加拿大 | Steve Staples |
| 比利時 | Etienne De Jonghe |
Council members
The Council members are the following persons:[43]
| Country | Name |
|---|---|
| 印度 | Surender Singh Rajpurohit |
| 加纳 | Kwaku Addai |
| 法國 | Lisa Silvestre |
| 韩国 | A-Young Moon |
| 英国 | Sara Medi Jones |
| 比利時 | Chloé Meulewaeter |
| 哥伦比亚 | Angelo Cardona |
| 美國 | Emily Rubino |
| 美國 | Ann Wright |
| 印度 | Jurvey Balkrishna |
| 奈及利亞 | Ejimole Fidel Onwuekwe |
| 俄羅斯 | Oleg Viktorovich Bodrov |
| 加拿大 | Tamara Lorincz |
| 英国 | Jenny Clegg |
| 德國 | Stephan Möhrle |
Staff
The staff members are the following persons:[43]
Nobel Peace Prizes
IPB's work was rewarded by the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910, which has also been awarded to some of its members:[44]
- 1901 : Frédéric Passy (France), IPB council member
- 1902 : Élie Ducommun and Albert Gobat (Switzerland), first honorary secretaries of IPB
- 1905 : Bertha von Suttner (Austria), writer and honorary vice-president of IPB
- 1907 : Ernesto Moneta (Italy), IPB council member
- 1908 : Fredrik Bajer (Denmark), honorary president of IPB
- 1910 : The International Peace Bureau
- 1911 : Alfred Fried (Austria), IPB council member
- 1913 : Henri La Fontaine (Belgium), president of IPB
- 1927 : Ludwig Quidde (Germany), IPB council member
- 1959 : Philip Noel-Baker (United Kingdom), IPB vice-president
- 1962 : Linus Pauling (United States), IPB vice-president
- 1974 : Seán MacBride (Ireland), IPB chairman and president
- 1982 : Alva Myrdal (Sweden), IPB vice-president
Presidents
The IPB has a co-president system that ensures a gender-balance among leadership. Each president can currently serve up to two terms of three years.[45]
- Henri La Fontaine – 1907–1943[46]
- Ernst Wolf – 1963–1974
- Seán MacBride – 1974–1985
- Bruce Kent – 1985–1992
- Maj Britt Theorin – 1992–2000
- Cora Weiss – 2000–2006
- Tomas Magnusson – 2006–2013
- Ingeborg Breines – 2009–2016
- Reiner Braun – 2013–2019
- Lisa Clark – 2016–present
- Philip Jennings – 2019–present
參見
- The Castle of Peace / Society of Peace
- Fredrik Bajer
- Élie Ducommun
- Charles Albert Gobat
- Henri La Fontaine
- Bertha von Suttner
- List of anti-war organizations
- List of peace activists
参考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Over a Century of Peace-Making. International Peace Bureau. [2012-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-15）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Award Ceremony Speech (1910). Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-06]. （原始内容于2011-10-06）.
- ^ The Nobel Peace Prize 1910. Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-06]. （原始内容于2017-10-07）.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Lundestad, Geir. The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000. Nobel Foundation. 2001-03-15 [2011-10-06]. （原始内容于2013-05-30）.
- ^ The Nobel Peace Prize 1913. Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-06]. （原始内容于2018-01-19）.
- ^ IPB Nobel Prize Winners. Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-18）..
- ^ The Nobel Peace Prize 1910. Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-06]. （原始内容于2008-10-12）.
- ^ The Nobel Peace Prize 1913. Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-06]. （原始内容于2008-10-19）.
- ^ IPB Nobel Prize Winners. Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-18）..
- ^ 10.0 10.1 IPB - Who we are | IPB - International Peace Bureau. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容于2020-08-04） （美国英语）.
- ^ Homepage. demilitarize.org. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容于2020-07-09） （美国英语）.
- ^ IPB - Who we are | IPB - International Peace Bureau. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容于2020-08-04） （美国英语）.
- ^ Who We Are. Global Campaign on Military Spendin. International Peace Bureau. [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2019-10-07）.
- ^ What We Do. Global Campaign on Military Spendin. International Peace Bureau. [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2019-07-16）.
- ^ . Centre Delàs. Centre Delàs. [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-07）.
- ^ Who we are -. demilitarize.org. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容于2022-08-05） （美国英语）.
- ^ Nuclear Weapons | IPB – International Peace Bureau. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容于2020-05-08） （美国英语）.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Sean MacBride Peace Prize. International Peace Bureau. International Peace Bureau. [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-05-07）.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 . Centre Delàs. Centre Delàs. September 7, 2017 [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-18）.
- ^ Nordlinger, Jay. Peace, They Say: A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World . Encounter. 2012: 221.
- ^ International Peace Bureau Awards Sean MacBride Peace Prize 2013. Pax Christi International. Pax Christi International. [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-05-07）.
- ^ Bosnian wins MacBride prize. The Irish Times (Dublin). August 27, 1996 [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-10-01）.
- ^ MacBride Prize for Hume. The Irish Times (Dublin). October 14, 1998 [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-09-22）.
- ^ Barbara Gladysch erhält den MacBride-Friedenspreis 1999 [Barbara Gladysch receives the MacBride Peace Prize 1999]. Peace Forum (Bonn: Netzwerk Friedenskooperative (Network of the German Peace Movement)). Winter 1999 [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2018-11-08） （德语）.
- ^ . [7 November 2018]. （原始内容存档于25 February 2004）.
- ^ Peace Bureau Awards Prize to Dr Rosalie Bertell. CADU News (Campaign Against Depleted Uranium). Winter 2001 [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2021-08-21）.
- ^ Irwin, Abrams; Gungwu, Wang. Iraq War and Its Consequences, The: Thoughts of Nobel Peace Laureates and Eminent Scholars. World Scientific. 2003: 131 [2022-08-05]. ISBN 9789814338103. （原始内容于2022-08-05）.
- ^ Mayors for Peace Receives Sean MacBride Peace Prize Awarded by the International Peace Bureau(IPB). Mayors for Peace. Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-09-30）.
- ^ UNU Council Chair Dhanapala Wins IPB Peace Prize. United Nations University. United Nations University. September 2007 [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-06-23）.
- ^ Ms.Jacqueline Cabasso, the Mayors for Peace Coordinator in North America won 2008 Sean MacBride Peace Prize. Mayors for Peace. Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. n.d. [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-09-30）.
- ^ . [2018-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2010-07-13）. 无效
|url-status=bot: unknown(帮助) - ^ Binalakshmi Nepram Receives Sean MacBride Peace Prize for 2010 in Oslo. Heinrich Böll Stiftung India. Heinrich Boell Foundation. September 23, 2010 [November 7, 2018]. （原始内容于2021-09-20）.
- ^ . [2018-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-15）. 无效
|url-status=bot: unknown(帮助) - ^ (PDF). [2018-11-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-12-02）. 无效
|url-status=bot: unknown(帮助) - ^ International Peace Bureau to Award 2012 Sean MacBride Peace Prize to Nawal El-Sadaawi (Egypt) and Lina Ben Mhenni (Tunisia). Action from Ireland. Action from Ireland. November 8, 2012 [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2017-11-28）.
- ^ International Peace Bureau awards the Sean MacBride Peace Prize 2013 to US whistleblower Bradley Manning. Canadian Voice of Women for Peace. Canadian Voice of Women for Peace. July 23, 2013 [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2018-11-07）.
- ^ MacBride Peace Prize to the Marshall Islands. Abolition 2000. Abolition 2000. August 5, 2014 [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-06-23）.
- ^ International Peace Bureau to Award the 2015 Macbride Prize to Two Island Communities: Lampedusa (Italy) and Gangjeon Village, Jeju Island (S. Korea) (PDF). International Peace Bureau. International Peace Bureau. August 24, 2015 [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容 (PDF)于2018-11-07）.
- ^ IPB to Award Sean MacBride Peace Prize 2016 to Colin Archer. Pressenza. Pressenza. November 11, 2016 [November 6, 2018]. （原始内容于2020-06-22）.
- ^ Press Release: Seán MacBride Peace Prize 2018 (PDF). International Peace Bureau. International Peace Bureau. September 12, 2018 [November 11, 2018]. （原始内容 (PDF)于2020-09-28）.
- ^ Sean MacBride Peace Prize | IPB - International Peace Bureau. [2020-06-23]. （原始内容于2020-05-07） （美国英语）.
- ^ Sean MacBride Peace Prize | IPB - International Peace Bureau. [2022-06-22]. （原始内容于2022-08-05） （美国英语）.
- ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 Structure | IPB - International Peace Bureau. [2020-06-09]. （原始内容于2020-05-08） （美国英语）.
- ^ . International Peace Bureau. [2016-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-15）.
- ^ Structure | IPB – International Peace Bureau. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容于2020-05-08） （美国英语）.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 1 Mar 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/lundestad-review/index.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>
参考文献
- Gobat, Albert，《Développement du Bureau international permanent de la paix》（国际和平局发展史），Bern，1910年。
- Herz, Ulrich，《The International Peace Bureau: History, Aims, Activities》（国际和平局：历史、目标、活动）. Geneva，1969年。
- From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1901-1925, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972.
- Gobat, Albert, Développement du Bureau international permanent de la paix. Bern, 1910.
- Herz, Ulrich, The International Peace Bureau: History, Aims, Activities. Geneva, 1969.
- From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1901-1925, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972.
外部链接
| 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：国际和平局 |