^Hawkes, Christopher H. Smell and taste complaints. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2002: 49–50. ISBN 0-7506-7287-0.
^Hoffman, Howard J.; Rawal, Shristi; Li, Chuan-Ming; Duffy, Valerie B. New chemosensory component in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): first-year results for measured olfactory dysfunction. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 10 June 2016, 17 (2): 221–240. PMC 5033684. PMID 27287364. doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9364-1.
^Factor, Stewart A., & Weiner, William J., eds. (2008). Parkinson's Disease: Diagnosis and Clinical Management, 2nd ed., pp. 72-73. New York: Demos Medical Publishing.
^Arkoncel, ML; Arkoncel, FR; Lantion-Ang, FL. A case of Kallmann syndrome. BMJ Case Reports. March 2011, 2011: bcr0120113727. PMC 3070321. PMID 22700069. doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2011.3727. Kallmann syndrome (KS), a rare genetic disorder, refers to the association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia due to abnormal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone producing neurons.
嗅覺減退, 是指嗅觉遲鈍, 鼻子分辨氣味的能力下降, 如果鼻子完全無法分辨出氣味, 則是嗅觉丧失, 2012年, 美国境內估计有980万40岁及以上的人患有嗅觉减退症, 另有340万人嗅觉丧失或者嗅覺接近完全喪失, 嗅觉减退可能是帕金森氏症, 阿茲海默症以及路易氏體失智症的早期征兆, 終身嗅觉减退可能由卡门氏症候群, 或自闭症谱系引起, 参考文献, 编辑, hawkes, christopher, smell, taste, complaints, boston, butterworth, heinemann, 2. 嗅覺減退 1 是指嗅觉遲鈍 鼻子分辨氣味的能力下降 如果鼻子完全無法分辨出氣味 則是嗅觉丧失 2012年 美国境內估计有980万40岁及以上的人患有嗅觉减退症 另有340万人嗅觉丧失或者嗅覺接近完全喪失 2 嗅觉减退可能是帕金森氏症 阿茲海默症以及路易氏體失智症的早期征兆 3 終身嗅觉减退可能由卡门氏症候群 4 或自闭症谱系引起 5 参考文献 编辑 Hawkes Christopher H Smell and taste complaints Boston Butterworth Heinemann 2002 49 50 ISBN 0 7506 7287 0 Hoffman Howard J Rawal Shristi Li Chuan Ming Duffy Valerie B New chemosensory component in the U S National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES first year results for measured olfactory dysfunction Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 10 June 2016 17 2 221 240 PMC 5033684 nbsp PMID 27287364 doi 10 1007 s11154 016 9364 1 Factor Stewart A amp Weiner William J eds 2008 Parkinson s Disease Diagnosis and Clinical Management 2nd ed pp 72 73 New York Demos Medical Publishing Arkoncel ML Arkoncel FR Lantion Ang FL A case of Kallmann syndrome BMJ Case Reports March 2011 2011 bcr0120113727 PMC 3070321 nbsp PMID 22700069 doi 10 1136 bcr 01 2011 3727 Kallmann syndrome KS a rare genetic disorder refers to the association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia due to abnormal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin releasing hormone producing neurons nbsp Tonacci Alessandro Billeci Lucia Tartarisco Gennaro Ruta Liliana Muratori Filippo Pioggia Giovanni Gangemi Sebastiano Olfaction in autism spectrum disorders A systematic review Child Neuropsychology 2 January 2017 23 1 1 25 2023 11 23 ISSN 0929 7049 PMID 26340690 S2CID 143375600 doi 10 1080 09297049 2015 1081678 原始内容存档于2022 01 18 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 嗅覺減退 amp oldid 80180923, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
