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维基百科

印第安大屠殺列表

十月 07, 2023

印第安大屠殺列表，本表列出美洲殖民期间歐洲人與印地安人之間的屠殺事件。

印第安人大屠殺通常指在歐洲人往美洲殖民時歐洲人屠殺美洲原住民印第安人，和印第安人回擊歐洲白種殖民者失敗，最後印第安人大量消失，是屬於美洲的種族滅絕史。

概觀 编辑

印第安大屠殺是美洲國家上的歐洲殖民者的黑歷史，只知當時歐洲殖民者多主張對美洲印第安人進行種族屠殺[1]，但到底多少人死于這場長期的屠殺是難以確定的，美洲原住民的死亡被白人非常消極的紀錄或揭露，歷史學家William M. Osborn寫的《荒野邊疆：美國印地安戰爭中自詹姆斯鎮到伤膝河的的暴行》 搜集了從1511年兩種族首次接觸到1890年西擴終止這段時間内、今日美國本土所有有記錄的歐印暴力衝突，並確認了7193人死于白人的暴行，9156人死于印第安人的暴行。Osborn定義的“暴行”限於謀殺，酷刑，殘害平民、傷者、俘虜的肢體器官。對“暴行”的定義不同也會導致統計數量的不同。

在《美洲种族灭绝，美国和加拿大的灾难，1846-1873》中，历史学家Benjamin Madley记录了在1846到1873年间对加州土著的屠杀数目。他发现这期间的证据，至少9400到16000加州印第安被非印第安人杀死。大多数杀戮发生于他所说的370次大屠杀（定义为有意识杀死5人和以上的无武器战斗者或者平民，包括妇女，儿童或者俘虏等，不一定在战斗时发生）中。[2]

影响 编辑

针对印第安人的屠殺，產生了極爲深遠的歷史影響。在之後的數個世紀中，對這一系列歷史事件都產生了若干的討論與爭議。例如中國的官方媒體自21世紀以來，曾多次發佈文章，指控稱“1814年美國詹姆斯·麥迪遜政府頒布法令規定每上繳一個印第安人的頭蓋皮，美國政府將會發給獎金50-100美元（殺死12歲以下印第安人嬰幼兒和殺死女印第安人獎50美元，殺死12歲以上青壯年印第安人男子獎100美元）”和“19世紀20年代到90年代，特別是特別是安德魯·傑克遜於1830年促使國會通過一項法令《印第安人驅逐法案》。印第安人在遷移的過程中，形成了血淚之路。在當地民兵的配合下，美國聯邦正規軍採取分進合擊等戰術，集中發起了1000多次不同規模的軍事行動，到1890年代基本上完成了滅絕印第安人的作戰任務”等[3][4]。

麥迪遜時期的美國政府同印第安人的關係的確極爲緊張，表現爲1809年簽署的《韋恩堡條約》[5][6]和之後因此爆發的蒂珀卡努战役[7]，以及1814年簽署的《傑克遜堡條約》[8]，從印第安人處獲得了大量的土地並將其驅逐。其主要原因在於以麥迪遜總統爲首的美國白人殖民者的家長式作風、種族主義思想，以及試圖對印第安人進行種族改造[9]，另外狩獵印第安人頭皮現象確實存在。

屠殺列表 编辑

1500–1830年 编辑

仅列出發生在北美洲的

年 日期 名稱 描述 來源
1539 Napituca屠杀 和Timucuan族交战之后, 埃尔南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）處決200人。這是歐洲人首次大规模在美洲大陆屠殺印第安人。 Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 286–291.
1540 10.18 Mabila屠杀 Choctaw族向埃尔南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）的探險復仇，殺死200名士兵，还杀了很多他们的馬匹和豬。起因是白人之前焚烧了Mabila的建築物，殺死了2500名躲在僞裝村寨的武士[10] Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 376–384; Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 15.
1541–42 Tiguex屠杀 先是西班牙人入侵，掠奪Tiguex人的住房、食品、服裝的Tiguex，強姦Tiguex女人，Tiguex族随后反抗。西班牙人攻擊他們。弗朗西斯科·巴斯克斯·德·科罗纳多（Francisco Vázquez de Coronado）率人圍攻Moho Pueblo，經過長達數月的圍困，他們殺害了200個试图逃走的原住民战士。 Sauer, C. Sixteenth Century North America, p. 141. Flint, R., No Settlement, No Conquest, pp. 144–153.
1599 1.22–1.24 Acoma屠杀 報復性殺害11名西班牙士兵,。Juan de Oñate懲罰性出征土著，在Acoma Pueblo戰鬥3天， 殺死約800人。西班牙國王 腓力二世 爲此懲罰了Oñate[11] Weber, D., The Spanish Frontier in North America, pp. 85–86.
1601 Sandia Mountains事件 西班牙軍隊摧毀了新墨西哥州Sandia Mountains的3個印第安村莊。據西班牙的资料記載，有900名Tompiro族原住民被殺害。 [12]
1610 8.9 Paspahegh屠杀 Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr
（特拉华勋爵）派70人袭击Paspahegh原住民。他们毁掉了该族人在詹姆士顿附近的主要村庄，杀了大约16-65人。村长的妻子和子女也被抓住并处决了。
1622 3.22 Indian massacre of 1622
(詹姆士顿屠杀)		 在弗吉尼亞，Powhatan (Pamunkey)族殺死347名英國人，約佔當地英國移民总数的三分之一。 [13]
1623 5.12 Pamunkey Peace Talks 英國人在“和談會議”上鴆殺Powhatan族頭人，共約200人，用暴力打死50名土著. Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 47.
1637 5.26 Mystic Massacre In the Pequot War, English colonists commanded by John Mason, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700. Cave, A., The Pequot War, pp. 144–154.
1643 February 25 Pavonia Massacre In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a band of Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to New Amsterdam seeking the protection of New Netherland governor, William Kieft. Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia[14] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven by mercenary John Underhill.[15][16] [17]
1643 August Massacre of Anne Hutchinson and her family As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, near the Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New York City), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years. LaPlante, E., American Jezebel, p. 231.
1644 March Pound Ridge Massacre As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, at present day Pound Ridge, New York, John Underhill, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians. Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 116.
Trelease, A., Indian Affairs in Colonial New York; The Seventeenth Century, pp. 79–80.
1655 September 11–15 Peach Tree War In retaliation for Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, Staten Island, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland.
1675 September 18 Bloody Brook Massacre During King Philip's War, Indian warriors killed 60 soldiers of Deerfield, Massachusetts. [18]
1675 December 19 Great Swamp Massacre
(Great Swamp Fight)		 Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fort near South Kingston, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 women, children and elder men burnt in the village. [19]
1676 March 26 Nine Men's Misery During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers to ritual torture and death. [20]
1676 May 10 Turner Falls Massacre
(Battle of Turner's Falls)		 Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day Turner Falls, Massachusetts. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack. [21]
1676 July 2 Rhode Island Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island, killing 34 men and 92 women and children. [22]
1680 August 10 Pueblo Revolt Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico. [23]
1689 August 5 Lachine massacre 1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York. [24]
1689 Zia Pueblo Governor Jironza de Cruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors enslaved. [25]
1690 February 8 Schenectady Massacre As part of the Beaver Wars, French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children. [26]
1704 Apalachee Massacre Former Carolinia Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors. [27]
1704 February 29 Deerfield Massacre During Queen Anne's War, a force composed of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives. [28]
1713 March 20–23 Fort Neoheroka Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1000 others were subsequently killed or captured. [29][30]
1729 November 28 Natchez Massacre Natchez Indians attacked French settlements near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists. [31]
1757 August 9 Battle of Fort William Henry Following the fall of Fort William Henry during the Seven Years' War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners. [32]
1759 October 4 St. Francis Raid During the Seven Years' War, in retaliation for the rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the Rogers' Rangers, Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahican into the village of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 Abenaki people, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports. [33]
1763 September 14 Devil's Hole Massacre During the Seven Years' War, Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from the supply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train. [34]
1763 December Killings by the Paxton Boys In response to Pontiac's Rebellion, frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock. [35][36][37]
1764 July 26 Enoch Brown School Massacre Four Delaware killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived. [37]
1774 April 30 Yellow Creek Massacre Daniel Greathouse killed members of Chief Logan's family. [38]
1777 September 26 The Grave Creek Massacre A milita company under Captain William Foreman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling, West Virginia. [來源請求]
1778 July 3 Battle of Wyoming During the American Revolutionary War, following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time. [39][40][41]
August 31 Stockbridge Massacre A battle of the American Revolutionary War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre. [42]
November 11 Cherry Valley Massacre British and Seneca forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers. [43]
1781 September 1 Dietz Massacre During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl. [44][45]
1782 March 8 Gnadenhütten massacre During the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys. [46][47]
1782 May 10 Corbly Family Massacre During the Revolution, Indians allied with the British attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in Greene County, Pennsylvania. His wife and three of their children were killed; and two daughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped. Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, R.R. Bowker Co., 1925, Item notes: v. 59 1925 January–June p. 234
1812 August 15 Fort Dearborn Massacre
(Battle of Fort Dearborn)		 During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed. [48]
September 10 Zimmer Massacre During the War of 1812, four settlers were killed in an attack believed to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio. Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 257–258, 1907
September 15 Copus Massacre During the War of 1812, Northwest Indians attacked the Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus, killing three militiamen and one settler; and wounding two militiamen and a settler's daughter; settlers killed two Indians. Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 258–259, 1907
1813 January 22 River Raisin Massacre During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender. [49]
August 18 Dilbone Massacre During the War of 1812, an Indian allegedly killed three settlers (David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) in Miami County, Ohio. Settlers later killed the Indian they suspected of the murders. Sutton, R., The History of Shelby County Ohio, p. 122 published 1883
August 30 Fort Mims Massacre After Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle of Burnt Corn (which the Creek won), a band of Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims, Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War, at the same time as the War of 1812. [50]
November 18 Hillabee Massacre Tennessee troops under General White launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted. [51]
November 29 Autossee Massacre
(Battle of Autossee)		 Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire. [52]
1818 April 22 Chehaw Affair During the First Seminole War, U.S. troops attacked a non-hostile Muscogee village, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women and children. [53]
1824 March 22 Fall Creek Massacre Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and another was a witness at subsequent trial. Of those charged with murder, one man was hanged January 12, 1825, and two were hanged June 2, 1825. The last defendant was pardoned at the last minute. Wikipedia Article
1826 Dressing Point Massacre A posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of Karankawa Indians near the mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda Co., Texas. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed. [22][54]

參見 编辑

參考資料 编辑

  1. ^ 美洲的假歷史敘事：「種族大屠殺」如何變成「地理大發現」？. [2019-08-12]. （原始内容于2020-08-04）. 
  2. ^ Benjamin Madley. An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. Yale University Press. 2016: 11,351. ISBN 9780300182170. 
  3. ^ 还好意思污蔑中国“种族灭绝”？！自己啥历史忘了吗？. 湖北日报网. 共青团中央. 2021-02-21 [2021-07-06]. （原始内容于2021-07-09）. 
  4. ^ 责编：李锋. 美国竟用一个世纪屠杀印第安人？！. 中国网络电视台. 2010-11-19 [2021-07-06]. （原始内容于2021-07-09）. 
  5. ^ Kappler, Charles J. Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. (PDF). II (TREATIES.). Washington: Government Printing Office. 1904 [2021-08-14]. （原始内容 (PDF)于2021-07-19）. 
  6. ^ Owens, Robert M. Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3842-8. 
  7. ^ Rutland, Robert A. The Presidency of James Madison. Univ. Press of Kansas. 1990. ISBN 978-0-7006-0465-4. 
  8. ^ Green, Michael D. The Politics of Indian Removal (Paperback). University of Nebraska Press. 1982 [2021-08-14]. ISBN 978-0-8032-7015-2. （原始内容于2021-03-08） （英语）. 
  9. ^ Landry, Alysa. James Madison: Pushed Intermarriage Between Settlers and Indians. indiancountrytoday.com. January 26, 2016 [April 25, 2020]. （原始内容于2020-12-04）. 
  10. ^ "De Soto's Trail: Courage and Cruelty Come Alive"
  11. ^ "Conquistador Statue Stirs Hispanic Pride and Indian Rage"
  12. ^ Riley, Carroll, L., Rio del Norte: People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt, University of Utah Press, 2007, p. 252, ISBN 978-0-87480-496-6
  13. ^ Jamestown: Legacy of the Massacre of 1622 | Americans at War: 1500–1815 Summary. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容于2013-01-02）. 
  14. ^ Wm Kieft and Pavonia. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容于2013-01-03）. 
  15. ^ Winkler, David F. Revisiting the Attack on Pavonia. New Jersey Historical Society. 1998. 
  16. ^ Beck, Sanderson. New Netherland and Stuyvesant 1642–64. 2006 [2012-06-04]. （原始内容于2015-04-23）. 
  17. ^ Churchill 1997, p. 198
  18. ^ Find A Grave website. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容于2016-03-10）. 
  19. ^ Ellis, George W., Morris, John E., King Philip's war, Grafton Historical Series, The Grafton Press, 1906, pp. 152–155
  20. ^ [Nine Men's Misery]
  21. ^ Mandell, Daniel R., King Philp's war: the conflict over New England, Chelsea House Publishers, 2007, p. 100, ISBN 978-0-7910-9346-7
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Kiernan 2007, p. 239
  23. ^ . [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-07）. 
  24. ^ George, Charles; Douglas Roberts. A History of Canada. Boston: The Page Company (no copyright in the United States). 1897: 93–94 [2012-06-04]. （原始内容于2012-11-13）. 
  25. ^ Preucel, Robert W. , Archaeologies of the Pueblo revolt: identity, meaning, and renewal in the Pueblo world, University of New Mexico Press, 2007, p. 56, ISBN 978-0-8263-2247-0
  26. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 33
  27. ^ Gallay 2003, pp. 147–148
  28. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 48
  29. ^ Gallay 2003, p. 284
  30. ^ Read, Milton , The tar heel state: a history of North Carolina, University of South Carolina Press, 2005, pp. 36–37, ISBN 978-1-57003-591-3
  31. ^ Barnett, James F., The Natchez Indians: a history to 1735, University Press of Mississipi, 2007, p. 105, ISBN 978-1-57806-988-0
  32. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 224
  33. ^ Bruchac, Marge, (PDF). [2008-09-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-13）.  Reading Abenaki Traditions and European Records of Rogers' Raid], August 2006, pp. 3–4
  34. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 260
  35. ^ Taylor, Alan, American Colonies, New York: Viking Press, 2001
  36. ^ "A Narrative of the Late Massacres..." （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Benjamin Franklin's account of the massacre and criticism of the Paxton Boys
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 "A Disquisition Portraying the History Relative to the Enoch Brown Incident" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Greencastle Museum
  38. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 106
  39. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 181
  40. ^ Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | The Battle of Wyoming and Hartley's Expedition. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容于2012-02-19）. 
  41. ^ Wallace, Paul A. W., Indians in Pennsylvania （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, 2007, 200 pages, pp. 162–164, ISBN 978-0-89271-017-1
  42. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 246
  43. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 321
  44. ^ Priest, Josiah, Stories of the Revolution, first published 1836
  45. ^ . [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-15）. 
  46. ^ Tuscarawas. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容于2008-03-13）. 
  47. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 57
  48. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 231
  49. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 20
  50. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 245
  51. ^ Heidler D.S., Heidler J.T., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 239, ISBN 978-0-87436-968-7
  52. ^ McKenney, T.L., Indian Tribes of America, Applewood Books, 2010, p. 307, ISBN 978-1-4290-2265-1
  53. ^ Andrew Jackson Learns of the Chehaw Affair （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
  54. ^ Himmel 1999, p. 50


十月 07, 2023
印第安大屠殺列表, 本條目存在以下問題, 請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法, 此條目需要擴充, 2015年10月5日, 请協助改善这篇條目, 更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到, 请在擴充條目後將此模板移除, 此條目中有过多未翻译的专业术语, 可能需要翻译或解释, 请在讨论页中发表对于本议题的看法, 并帮助翻译或解释本条目的术语, 此條目之中立性有争议, 其內容, 語調可能帶有明顯的個人觀點或地方色彩, 2012年6月4日, 加上此模板的編輯者需在討論頁說明此文中立性有爭議的原因, 以便讓各編輯. 本條目存在以下問題 請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法 此條目需要擴充 2015年10月5日 请協助改善这篇條目 更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到 请在擴充條目後將此模板移除 此條目中有过多未翻译的专业术语 可能需要翻译或解释 请在讨论页中发表对于本议题的看法 并帮助翻译或解释本条目的术语 此條目之中立性有争议 其內容 語調可能帶有明顯的個人觀點或地方色彩 2012年6月4日 加上此模板的編輯者需在討論頁說明此文中立性有爭議的原因 以便讓各編輯者討論和改善 在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页 印第安大屠殺列表 本表列出美洲殖民期间歐洲人與印地安人之間的屠殺事件 印第安人大屠殺通常指在歐洲人往美洲殖民時歐洲人屠殺美洲原住民印第安人 和印第安人回擊歐洲白種殖民者失敗 最後印第安人大量消失 是屬於美洲的種族滅絕史 目录 1 概觀 2 影响 3 屠殺列表 3 1 1500 1830年 4 參見 5 參考資料概觀 编辑印第安大屠殺是美洲國家上的歐洲殖民者的黑歷史 只知當時歐洲殖民者多主張對美洲印第安人進行種族屠殺 1 但到底多少人死于這場長期的屠殺是難以確定的 美洲原住民的死亡被白人非常消極的紀錄或揭露 歷史學家William M Osborn寫的 荒野邊疆 美國印地安戰爭中自詹姆斯鎮到伤膝河的的暴行 搜集了從1511年兩種族首次接觸到1890年西擴終止這段時間内 今日美國本土所有有記錄的歐印暴力衝突 並確認了7193人死于白人的暴行 9156人死于印第安人的暴行 Osborn定義的 暴行 限於謀殺 酷刑 殘害平民 傷者 俘虜的肢體器官 對 暴行 的定義不同也會導致統計數量的不同 在 美洲种族灭绝 美国和加拿大的灾难 1846 1873 中 历史学家Benjamin Madley记录了在1846到1873年间对加州土著的屠杀数目 他发现这期间的证据 至少9400到16000加州印第安被非印第安人杀死 大多数杀戮发生于他所说的370次大屠杀 定义为有意识杀死5人和以上的无武器战斗者或者平民 包括妇女 儿童或者俘虏等 不一定在战斗时发生 中 2 影响 编辑针对印第安人的屠殺 產生了極爲深遠的歷史影響 在之後的數個世紀中 對這一系列歷史事件都產生了若干的討論與爭議 例如中國的官方媒體自21世紀以來 曾多次發佈文章 指控稱 1814年美國詹姆斯 麥迪遜政府頒布法令規定每上繳一個印第安人的頭蓋皮 美國政府將會發給獎金50 100美元 殺死12歲以下印第安人嬰幼兒和殺死女印第安人獎50美元 殺死12歲以上青壯年印第安人男子獎100美元 和 19世紀20年代到90年代 特別是特別是安德魯 傑克遜於1830年促使國會通過一項法令 印第安人驅逐法案 印第安人在遷移的過程中 形成了血淚之路 在當地民兵的配合下 美國聯邦正規軍採取分進合擊等戰術 集中發起了1000多次不同規模的軍事行動 到1890年代基本上完成了滅絕印第安人的作戰任務 等 3 4 麥迪遜時期的美國政府同印第安人的關係的確極爲緊張 表現爲1809年簽署的 韋恩堡條約 5 6 和之後因此爆發的蒂珀卡努战役 7 以及1814年簽署的 傑克遜堡條約 8 從印第安人處獲得了大量的土地並將其驅逐 其主要原因在於以麥迪遜總統爲首的美國白人殖民者的家長式作風 種族主義思想 以及試圖對印第安人進行種族改造 9 另外狩獵印第安人頭皮現象確實存在 屠殺列表 编辑1500 1830年 编辑 仅列出發生在北美洲的 年 日期 名稱 描述 來源1539 Napituca屠杀 和Timucuan族交战之后 埃尔南多 德 索托 Hernando de Soto 處決200人 這是歐洲人首次大规模在美洲大陆屠殺印第安人 Duncan E Hernando de Soto pp 286 291 1540 10 18 Mabila屠杀 Choctaw族向埃尔南多 德 索托 Hernando de Soto 的探險復仇 殺死200名士兵 还杀了很多他们的馬匹和豬 起因是白人之前焚烧了Mabila的建築物 殺死了2500名躲在僞裝村寨的武士 10 Duncan E Hernando de Soto pp 376 384 Steele I Warpaths p 15 1541 42 Tiguex屠杀 先是西班牙人入侵 掠奪Tiguex人的住房 食品 服裝的Tiguex 強姦Tiguex女人 Tiguex族随后反抗 西班牙人攻擊他們 弗朗西斯科 巴斯克斯 德 科罗纳多 Francisco Vazquez de Coronado 率人圍攻Moho Pueblo 經過長達數月的圍困 他們殺害了200個试图逃走的原住民战士 Sauer C Sixteenth Century North America p 141 Flint R No Settlement No Conquest pp 144 153 1599 1 22 1 24 Acoma屠杀 報復性殺害11名西班牙士兵 Juan de Onate懲罰性出征土著 在Acoma Pueblo戰鬥3天 殺死約800人 西班牙國王 腓力二世 爲此懲罰了Onate 11 Weber D The Spanish Frontier in North America pp 85 86 1601 Sandia Mountains事件 西班牙軍隊摧毀了新墨西哥州Sandia Mountains的3個印第安村莊 據西班牙的资料記載 有900名Tompiro族原住民被殺害 12 1610 8 9 Paspahegh屠杀 Thomas West 3rd Baron De La Warr 特拉华勋爵 派70人袭击Paspahegh原住民 他们毁掉了该族人在詹姆士顿附近的主要村庄 杀了大约16 65人 村长的妻子和子女也被抓住并处决了 1622 3 22 Indian massacre of 1622 詹姆士顿屠杀 在弗吉尼亞 Powhatan Pamunkey 族殺死347名英國人 約佔當地英國移民总数的三分之一 13 1623 5 12 Pamunkey Peace Talks 英國人在 和談會議 上鴆殺Powhatan族頭人 共約200人 用暴力打死50名土著 Steele I Warpaths p 47 1637 5 26 Mystic Massacre In the Pequot War English colonists commanded by John Mason with Mohegan and Narragansett allies launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present day Connecticut where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors for total fatalities of about 600 700 Cave A The Pequot War pp 144 154 1643 February 25 Pavonia Massacre In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a band of Wappinger and Tappan who fled to New Amsterdam seeking the protection of New Netherland governor William Kieft Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia 14 and Corlears Hook They were later attacked 129 being killed This prompted the beginning of Kieft s War driven by mercenary John Underhill 15 16 17 1643 August Massacre of Anne Hutchinson and her family As part of Kieft s War in New Netherland near the Split Rock now northeastern Bronx in New York City local Lenape or Siwanoy killed Anne Hutchinson six of her children a son in law and as many as seven others servants Susanna one of Hutchinson s daughters was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years LaPlante E American Jezebel p 231 1644 March Pound Ridge Massacre As part of Kieft s War in New Netherland at present day Pound Ridge New York John Underhill hired by the Dutch attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape killing about 500 Indians Steele I Warpaths p 116 Trelease A Indian Affairs in Colonial New York The Seventeenth Century pp 79 80 1655 September 11 15 Peach Tree War In retaliation for Director General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant s attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden united bands of natives attacked Pavonia Staten Island Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland 1675 September 18 Bloody Brook Massacre During King Philip s War Indian warriors killed 60 soldiers of Deerfield Massachusetts 18 1675 December 19 Great Swamp Massacre Great Swamp Fight Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fort near South Kingston Rhode Island At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 women children and elder men burnt in the village 19 1676 March 26 Nine Men s Misery During King Philip s War warriors subjected nine captive soldiers to ritual torture and death 20 1676 May 10 Turner Falls Massacre Battle of Turner s Falls Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present day Turner Falls Massachusetts At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack 21 1676 July 2 Rhode Island Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island killing 34 men and 92 women and children 22 1680 August 10 Pueblo Revolt Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico 23 1689 August 5 Lachine massacre 1 500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine New France and killed more than 90 of the village s 375 French residents following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present day New York 24 1689 Zia Pueblo Governor Jironza de Cruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia New Mexico 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors enslaved 25 1690 February 8 Schenectady Massacre As part of the Beaver Wars French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady New York killing 60 Dutch and English settlers including ten women and at least twelve children 26 1704 Apalachee Massacre Former Carolinia Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida They killed 1000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors 27 1704 February 29 Deerfield Massacre During Queen Anne s War a force composed of Abenaki Kanienkehaka Wyandot and Pocumtuck led by a small contingent of French Canadian militia sacked the town of Deerfield Massachusetts killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives 28 1713 March 20 23 Fort Neoheroka Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft Neoheroka the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900 1000 others were subsequently killed or captured 29 30 1729 November 28 Natchez Massacre Natchez Indians attacked French settlements near present day Natchez Mississippi killing more than 200 French colonists 31 1757 August 9 Battle of Fort William Henry Following the fall of Fort William Henry during the Seven Years War Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners 32 1759 October 4 St Francis Raid During the Seven Years War in retaliation for the rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the Rogers Rangers Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 English regulars volunteers and Mahican into the village of Odanak Quebec They killed up to 30 Abenaki people among them women and children as confirmed via conflicting reports 33 1763 September 14 Devil s Hole Massacre During the Seven Years War Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara They killed 21 teamsters from the supply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train 34 1763 December Killings by the Paxton Boys In response to Pontiac s Rebellion frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock 35 36 37 1764 July 26 Enoch Brown School Massacre Four Delaware killed a schoolmaster 10 pupils and a pregnant woman Two pupils were scalped but survived 37 1774 April 30 Yellow Creek Massacre Daniel Greathouse killed members of Chief Logan s family 38 1777 September 26 The Grave Creek Massacre A milita company under Captain William Foreman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling West Virginia 來源請求 1778 July 3 Battle of Wyoming During the American Revolutionary War following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time 39 40 41 August 31 Stockbridge Massacre A battle of the American Revolutionary War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre 42 November 11 Cherry Valley Massacre British and Seneca forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley New York killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers 43 1781 September 1 Dietz Massacre During the Revolution Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz Berne New York killing and scalping Dietz his wife their daughter in law four children of their son s family and a servant girl 44 45 1782 March 8 Gnadenhutten massacre During the Revolution Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non combatant Christian Lenape mostly women and children they killed and scalped all but two young boys 46 47 1782 May 10 Corbly Family Massacre During the Revolution Indians allied with the British attacked the family of John Corbly a Christian minister in Greene County Pennsylvania His wife and three of their children were killed and two daughters were scalped but survived The Reverend Corbly escaped Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine R R Bowker Co 1925 Item notes v 59 1925 January June p 2341812 August 15 Fort Dearborn Massacre Battle of Fort Dearborn During the War of 1812 Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn site of present day Chicago Illinois In all 26 soldiers two officers two women and 12 children and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts were killed 48 September 10 Zimmer Massacre During the War of 1812 four settlers were killed in an attack believed to be by aggrieved Lenape in Ashland County Ohio Howe Henry Howe s Historical Collections of Ohio Volume 1 pp 257 258 1907September 15 Copus Massacre During the War of 1812 Northwest Indians attacked the Ashland County Ohio homestead of Rev James Copus killing three militiamen and one settler and wounding two militiamen and a settler s daughter settlers killed two Indians Howe Henry Howe s Historical Collections of Ohio Volume 1 pp 258 259 19071813 January 22 River Raisin Massacre During the War of 1812 Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender 49 August 18 Dilbone Massacre During the War of 1812 an Indian allegedly killed three settlers David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife in Miami County Ohio Settlers later killed the Indian they suspected of the murders Sutton R The History of Shelby County Ohio p 122 published 1883August 30 Fort Mims Massacre After Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle of Burnt Corn which the Creek won a band of Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims Alabama killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps This action brought the US into the internal Creek War at the same time as the War of 1812 50 November 18 Hillabee Massacre Tennessee troops under General White launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted 51 November 29 Autossee Massacre Battle of Autossee Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River in Macon County Alabama killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire 52 1818 April 22 Chehaw Affair During the First Seminole War U S troops attacked a non hostile Muscogee village killing an estimated 10 to 50 men women and children 53 1824 March 22 Fall Creek Massacre Six settlers in Madison County Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca One suspect escaped trial and another was a witness at subsequent trial Of those charged with murder one man was hanged January 12 1825 and two were hanged June 2 1825 The last defendant was pardoned at the last minute Wikipedia Article1826 Dressing Point Massacre A posse of Anglo Texan settlers massacred a large community of Karankawa Indians near the mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda Co Texas Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed 22 54 參見 编辑北美印第安战争 美洲原住民的人口史 英语 Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 大屠杀列表參考資料 编辑 美洲的假歷史敘事 種族大屠殺 如何變成 地理大發現 2019 08 12 原始内容存档于2020 08 04 Benjamin Madley An American Genocide The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe 1846 1873 Yale University Press 2016 11 351 ISBN 9780300182170 还好意思污蔑中国 种族灭绝 自己啥历史忘了吗 湖北日报网 共青团中央 2021 02 21 2021 07 06 原始内容存档于2021 07 09 责编 李锋 美国竟用一个世纪屠杀印第安人 中国网络电视台 2010 11 19 2021 07 06 原始内容存档于2021 07 09 Kappler Charles J Indian Affairs Laws and Treaties PDF II TREATIES Washington Government Printing Office 1904 2021 08 14 原始内容存档 PDF 于2021 07 19 Owens Robert M Mr Jefferson s Hammer William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy Norman Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 8061 3842 8 Rutland Robert A The Presidency of James Madison Univ Press of Kansas 1990 ISBN 978 0 7006 0465 4 Green Michael D The Politics of Indian Removal Paperback University of Nebraska Press 1982 2021 08 14 ISBN 978 0 8032 7015 2 原始内容存档于2021 03 08 英语 Landry Alysa James Madison Pushed Intermarriage Between Settlers and Indians indiancountrytoday com January 26 2016 April 25 2020 原始内容存档于2020 12 04 De Soto s Trail Courage and Cruelty Come Alive Conquistador Statue Stirs Hispanic Pride and Indian Rage Riley Carroll L Rio del Norte People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt University of Utah Press 2007 p 252 ISBN 978 0 87480 496 6 Jamestown Legacy of the Massacre of 1622 Americans at War 1500 1815 Summary 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2013 01 02 Wm Kieft and Pavonia 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2013 01 03 Winkler David F Revisiting the Attack on Pavonia New Jersey Historical Society 1998 Beck Sanderson New Netherland and Stuyvesant 1642 64 2006 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2015 04 23 Churchill 1997 p 198 Find A Grave website 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2016 03 10 Ellis George W Morris John E King Philip s war Grafton Historical Series The Grafton Press 1906 pp 152 155 Nine Men s Misery Mandell Daniel R King Philp s war the conflict over New England Chelsea House Publishers 2007 p 100 ISBN 978 0 7910 9346 7 22 0 22 1 Kiernan 2007 p 239 Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2007 09 07 George Charles Douglas Roberts A History of Canada Boston The Page Company no copyright in the United States 1897 93 94 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2012 11 13 引文使用过时参数coauthors 帮助 Preucel Robert W Archaeologies of the Pueblo revolt identity meaning and renewal in the Pueblo world University of New Mexico Press 2007 p 56 ISBN 978 0 8263 2247 0 Konstantin 2002 p 33 Gallay 2003 pp 147 148 Konstantin 2002 p 48 Gallay 2003 p 284 Read Milton The tar heel state a history of North Carolina University of South Carolina Press 2005 pp 36 37 ISBN 978 1 57003 591 3 Barnett James F The Natchez Indians a history to 1735 University Press of Mississipi 2007 p 105 ISBN 978 1 57806 988 0 Konstantin 2002 p 224 Bruchac Marge 存档副本 PDF 2008 09 30 原始内容 PDF 存档于2008 09 13 Reading Abenaki Traditions and European Records of Rogers Raid August 2006 pp 3 4 Konstantin 2002 p 260 Taylor Alan American Colonies New York Viking Press 2001 A Narrative of the Late Massacres 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Benjamin Franklin s account of the massacre and criticism of the Paxton Boys 37 0 37 1 A Disquisition Portraying the History Relative to the Enoch Brown Incident 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Greencastle Museum Konstantin 2002 p 106 Konstantin 2002 p 181 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission The Battle of Wyoming and Hartley s Expedition 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2012 02 19 Wallace Paul A W Indians in Pennsylvania 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Pennsylvania Historical amp Museum Commission 2007 200 pages pp 162 164 ISBN 978 0 89271 017 1 Konstantin 2002 p 246 Konstantin 2002 p 321 Priest Josiah Stories of the Revolution first published 1836 Dietz Massacre 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2008 02 15 Tuscarawas 2012 06 04 原始内容存档于2008 03 13 Konstantin 2002 p 57 Konstantin 2002 p 231 Konstantin 2002 p 20 Konstantin 2002 p 245 Heidler D S Heidler J T Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 Naval Institute Press 2004 p 239 ISBN 978 0 87436 968 7 McKenney T L Indian Tribes of America Applewood Books 2010 p 307 ISBN 978 1 4290 2265 1 Andrew Jackson Learns of the Chehaw Affair 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Himmel 1999 p 50 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 印第安大屠殺列表 amp oldid 77382122, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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