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^Michael Bonner. . Princeton University Press. 2008: 89–90 [2022-05-11]. ISBN 978-1400827381. （原始内容存档于2022-04-07）. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.
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卡菲勒, 阿拉伯语, كافر, 拉丁转写, kāfir, 复数形式, 阿拉伯语, كف, ار, 拉丁转写, kuffār, 或譯卡菲尔, 是阿拉伯语, 拒绝者, 忘恩负义者, 一词的音译, 是一个用来诅咒非穆斯林, 甚至是不同意自己的穆斯林的术语, 是伊斯兰教用语, 与穆斯林, 阿拉伯语, مسلم, 顺从者, 相对立, 特指对神的否认和隐昧者, 即不信神者, 类似于基督教用语中的异教徒, 指拒绝承认唯一的造物主的人和对神的旨意隐昧和违背的人, 前者包括无神论者和多神教徒, 后者指信仰其他一神教者, 包括有經人. 卡菲勒 阿拉伯语 كافر 拉丁转写 kafir 复数形式 阿拉伯语 كف ار 拉丁转写 kuffar 或譯卡菲尔 是阿拉伯语 拒绝者 忘恩负义者 一词的音译 是一个用来诅咒非穆斯林 甚至是不同意自己的穆斯林的术语 是伊斯兰教用语 与穆斯林 阿拉伯语 مسلم 顺从者 相对立 特指对神的否认和隐昧者 即不信神者 类似于基督教用语中的异教徒 卡菲勒指拒绝承认唯一的造物主的人和对神的旨意隐昧和违背的人 前者包括无神论者和多神教徒 后者指信仰其他一神教者 包括有經人 但是 需要强调的是 对唯一的造物主尚无认识且不否认唯一的造物主存在的非伊斯兰教徒并不在此列 即使他是外教徒 此类人被称为蒙昧者 故一般來說 不應該任意這樣稱呼別人 比如說2019年 世界上最大的獨立伊斯蘭組織伊斯蘭教士聯合會在印度尼西亞發布了一項公告 敦促穆斯林不要使用卡菲勒 kafir 一詞來指代非穆斯林 因為這個詞既令人反感 又被認為是 神學暴力 1 2 否認創造者存在的人可能被稱為達赫里 3 4 從歷史上看 儘管伊斯蘭學者同意多神論者 穆什里克是卡菲勒 他們有時不同意將這個詞應用於犯下嚴重罪行的穆斯林或 聖經 中的人民的禮節 5 6 古蘭經 區分了穆斯特里肯和 書中的人 保留了偶像崇拜者的前稱 儘管一些古典評論員認為基督教教義是一種推卸形式 7 犹太人和基督徒必须付吉茲亞 但其他人 必须繳付吉茲亞 皈依伊斯兰教 流放或被杀 8 9 10 11 12 在有關這一時期的穆斯林入侵 奴役和掠奪的回憶錄中 南亞的許多穆斯林歷史學家將卡菲爾一詞用於印度教徒 佛教徒 錫克教徒和耆那教徒 13 14 15 16 参考文献 编辑 Winn Patrick The world s largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying infidel The World Public Radio International 8 March 2019 15 November 2020 原始内容存档于2021 10 29 NU calls for end to word infidels to describe non Muslims The Jakarta Post Niskala Media Tenggara 1 March 2019 15 November 2020 原始内容存档于2021 11 15 Swartz Merlin A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism Brill 30 January 2015 96 16 January 2022 ISBN 978 9004123762 原始内容存档于2022 05 12 Goldziher I Dahriya BrillOnline Reference Works Brill Online 2012 04 24 16 January 2022 原始内容存档于2022 01 16 Charles Adams A Kevin Reinhart Kufr John L Esposito 编 The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World Oxford Oxford University Press 2009 2022 05 08 ISBN 9780195305135 原始内容 存档于2022 01 18 含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 link Bjorkman W Kafir P Bearman Th Bianquis C E Bosworth E van Donzel W P Heinrichs 编 Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd Brill 2012 doi 10 1163 1573 3912 islam SIM 3775 SHIRK Brill doi 10 1163 1573 3912 islam sim 6965 Michael Bonner Jihad in Islamic History Princeton University Press 2008 89 90 2022 05 11 ISBN 978 1400827381 原始内容存档于2022 04 07 To begin with there was no forced conversion no choice between Islam and the Sword Islamic law following a clear Quranic principle 2 256 prohibited any such things although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history these have been exceptional Waines 2003 An Introduction to Islam Cambridge University Press p 53 Winter T J amp Williams J A 2002 Understanding Islam and the Muslims The Muslim Family Islam and World Peace Louisville Kentucky Fons Vitae p 82 ISBN 978 1 887752 47 3 Quote The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions and regard them as invalid if they occur Ira M Lapidus Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century A Global History 345 Islam Encyclopedia Britannica New York 17 August 2021 12 January 2022 原始内容存档于2020 02 10 Engineer Ashghar Ali Hindu Muslim Problem An Approach Economic and Political Weekly 13 19 February 1999 37 7 396 400 JSTOR 4407649 Elliot and Dowson Tarikh i Mubarak Shahi The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period Vol 4 Trubner London p 273 Elliot and Dowson Tabakat i Nasiri The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period Vol 2 Trubner London pp 347 67 Elliot and Dowson Tarikh i Mubarak Shahi The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period Vol 4 Trubner London pp 68 69参见 编辑 伊斯兰教主题 异教徒 宗教迫害 叛教 伊斯蘭教 非信者章 古兰经第109章 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 卡菲勒 amp oldid 75900248, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
