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维基百科

伊朗崇高國

伊朗崇高國波斯語دولت علیّه اورانDowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irân)是伊朗卡扎尔王朝统治时期的正式国号[4],这一时代亦有史称卡扎尔波斯[5]卡扎尔帝国波斯語شاهنشاهی قاجارŠāhanšāhi-ye Qājār),由阿迦·穆罕默德汗沙阿所建立。

伊朗崇高國
دولت علیّه ایران
Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irân
1789年—1925年
国歌:(1873–1909)
国王康宁
سلامتی شاه

(1909–1925)
《崇高的波斯王國》
سلامتی دولت علیه ایران
19世紀的卡扎爾王朝
地位王朝/主權國家
首都德黑蘭
常用语言波斯語 (宫廷文学、行政、文化、官员),[1][2]
突厥語 (宫廷语与母语)[3]
政府君主專制 (1789–1906)
君主立憲制 (1906–1925)
沙阿殿下 
• 1789–1797
阿迦·穆罕默德·汗 (首任)
• 1909–1925
艾哈邁德沙阿 (末任)
伊朗首相 
• 1906年
米爾扎·納斯魯拉汗 (首任)
• 1923年–1925年
礼萨·巴列维 (末任)
历史 
• 卡扎爾王朝開始
1789年
1813年
1828年
1906年
• 巴列維王朝開始
1925年
货币土曼
今属于

历史 编辑

卡扎尔王朝来自一支名为卡扎尔突厥部落[6][7][8][9][10]。1794年,突厥人的卡札爾族支控制伊朗全境政局,廢黜桑德王朝末代沙阿盧圖夫·阿里汗,並重新確立了伊朗對高加索大部分地區的主權。1796年,阿迦·穆罕默德·汗·卡扎爾攻佔馬什哈德[11],正式結束了阿夫沙爾王朝,隨後加冕為沙阿[12]

19世纪,波斯遭遇俄国侵略,将大片高加索地区的领土割让予俄国[13],包括今日的格鲁吉亚东部、达吉斯坦阿塞拜疆亚美尼亚[14]。然而波斯的王权统治仍然在卡扎尔王朝时期得到重振[15],面对英国和俄国的压力而维持政治独立,惟外籍顾问在宫廷和军队中掌握较大权力。波斯亦成为英俄大博弈的一部分,两国还借由《英俄条约》划定了在波斯的势力范围[16][17][18]

20世纪初,波斯各界不满卡扎尔王朝君主专制,而掀起波斯立宪革命,建立立宪议会穆罕默德·阿里沙阿遭罢黜,而即位的艾哈邁德沙阿未能捍卫新生的立宪政治,在俄国干涉英语Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution下叫停部分改革,其王权更是在第一次世界大战波斯战役期间一落千丈,这时波斯沦为英军、俄军和土军的角力场。最终,军人礼萨·巴列维发动政变推翻卡扎尔王室,开启巴列维王朝波斯王國的统治。

历代沙阿 编辑

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ Homa Katouzian, "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis", Published by I.B.Tauris, 2006. pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language"
  2. ^ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
  3. ^ Iranica Online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): "Turkic was also the mother tongue and, to an extent, the court language of the subsequent Afsharid and Qajar dynasties"
  4. ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3
  5. ^ Early Qajar Persia appeared to .... [2022-11-19]. (原始内容于2020-05-26). 
  6. ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty."
  7. ^ Choueiri, Youssef M., A companion to the history of the Middle East, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516.
  8. ^ Cyrus Ghani. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power, I. B. Tauris, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-629-8, p. 1
  9. ^ William Bayne Fisher. Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, ISBN 0-521-20094-6
  10. ^ Dr Parviz Kambin, A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire, Universe, 2011, p.36, online edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  11. ^ H. Scheel; Jaschke, Gerhard; H. Braun; Spuler, Bertold; T. Koszinowski; Bagley, Frank. Muslim World. Brill Archive. 1981: 65, 370 [2012-09-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-06196-5. 
  12. ^ Michael Axworthy英语Michael Axworthy. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. ISBN 0141903414
  13. ^ Fisher et al. 1991,第330頁.
  14. ^ Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), pp 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484
  15. ^ Amanat 2017,第177頁.
  16. ^ Deutschmann, Moritz. "All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century. Iranian Studies. 2013, 46 (3): 401–413 [2022-11-19]. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 24482848. S2CID 143785614. doi:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334. (原始内容于2022-05-19). 
  17. ^ Andreeva, Elena. Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism. London: Routledge. 2007: 20, 63–76 [2022-11-19]. ISBN 978-0-203-96220-6. OCLC 166422396. (原始内容于2023-01-24). 
  18. ^ ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907. Encyclopedia Iranica. [2021-08-22]. (原始内容于2011-04-29) (美国英语). 

书目 编辑

  • Atabaki, Touraj. Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. 2006. ISBN 978-1860649646. 
  • Amanat, Abbas. Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896. I.B.Tauris. 1997. ISBN 9781860640971. 
  • Amanat, Abbas. Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press. 2017: 1–992. ISBN 978-0300112542. 
  • Bournoutian, George A. The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. 1980. 
  • Bosworth, Edmund. Hillenbrand, Carole , 编. Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change, 1800–1925. Edinburgh University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-085-224-459-3. 
  • Bournoutian, George A. A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present) 2. Mazda Publishers. 2002. ISBN 978-1568591414. 
  • Caton, M. BANĀN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1988 [2022-11-19]. (原始内容于2022-08-08). 
  • Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2014. ISBN 978-1598849486. 
  • Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. The Cambridge History of Iran 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991 [2022-11-19]. ISBN 978-0521200950. (原始内容于2023-01-13). 
  • Floor, Willem M. Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800–1925). Mazda Publishers. 2003. ISBN 978-156-859-147-6. 
  • Gleave, Robert (编). Religion and Society in Qajar Iran. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 978-041-533-814-1. 
  • Hitchins, Keith. EREKLE II – Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica. VIII, Fasc. 5: 541–542. 1998 [2022-11-19]. (原始内容于2019-05-17). 
  • Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977. ISBN 978-0521291361. 
  • Keddie, Nikki R. Qajar Iran and the rise of Reza Khan, 1796–1925. Mazda Publishers. 1999. ISBN 978-156-859-084-4. 
  • Kettenhofen, Erich; Bournoutian, George A.; Hewsen, Robert H. EREVAN. Encyclopǣdia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5: 542–551. 1998. 
  • Kohn, George C. Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-1438129167. 
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 1. ABC-CLIO. 2011. ISBN 978-1598843361. 
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander. Historical Dictionary of Georgia 2. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015. ISBN 978-1442241466. 
  • Gvosdev, Nikolas K.: Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, ISBN 0-312-22990-9
  • Lang, David M.: The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832, Columbia University Press, New York 1957
  • Paidar, Parvin. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780521595728. 
  • Perry, John. The Zand dynasty. The Cambridge History of Iran Volume=7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991: 63–104. ISBN 9780521200950. 
  • Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0253209153. 

外部链接 编辑

伊朗崇高國, 波斯語, دولت, علی, اوران, dowlat, aliyye, irân, 是伊朗卡扎尔王朝统治时期的正式国号, 这一时代亦有史称卡扎尔波斯, 卡扎尔帝国, 波斯語, شاهنشاهی, قاجار, Šāhanšāhi, qājār, 由阿迦, 穆罕默德汗沙阿所建立, دولت, علی, ایرانdowlat, aliyye, irân1789年, 1925年国旗, 国徽国歌, 1873, 1909, 国王康宁, سلامتی, شاه, source, source, 1909,. 伊朗崇高國 波斯語 دولت علی ه اوران Dowlat e Aliyye ye Iran 是伊朗卡扎尔王朝统治时期的正式国号 4 这一时代亦有史称卡扎尔波斯 5 卡扎尔帝国 波斯語 شاهنشاهی قاجار Sahansahi ye Qajar 由阿迦 穆罕默德汗沙阿所建立 伊朗崇高國 دولت علی ه ایرانDowlat e Aliyye ye Iran1789年 1925年国旗 国徽国歌 1873 1909 国王康宁 سلامتی شاه source source 1909 1925 崇高的波斯王國 سلامتی دولت علیه ایران 19世紀的卡扎爾王朝地位王朝 主權國家首都德黑蘭常用语言波斯語 宫廷文学 行政 文化 官员 1 2 突厥語 宫廷语与母语 3 政府君主專制 1789 1906 君主立憲制 1906 1925 沙阿 殿下 1789 1797阿迦 穆罕默德 汗 首任 1909 1925艾哈邁德沙阿 末任 伊朗首相 1906年米爾扎 納斯魯拉汗 首任 1923年 1925年礼萨 巴列维 末任 历史 卡扎爾王朝開始1789年 古利斯坦条约1813年 土库曼恰伊条约1828年 波斯立憲革命1906年 巴列維王朝開始1925年货币土曼前身 继承桑德王朝阿夫沙爾王朝杜蘭尼王朝 伊朗王國俄羅斯帝國今属于現今屬於 伊朗 俄羅斯 土耳其 土库曼斯坦 亞美尼亞 阿塞拜疆 目录 1 历史 2 历代沙阿 3 参考文献 3 1 书目 4 外部链接历史 编辑卡扎尔王朝来自一支名为卡扎尔的突厥部落 6 7 8 9 10 1794年 突厥人的卡札爾族支控制伊朗全境政局 廢黜桑德王朝末代沙阿盧圖夫 阿里汗 並重新確立了伊朗對高加索大部分地區的主權 1796年 阿迦 穆罕默德 汗 卡扎爾攻佔馬什哈德 11 正式結束了阿夫沙爾王朝 隨後加冕為沙阿 12 19世纪 波斯遭遇俄国侵略 将大片高加索地区的领土割让予俄国 13 包括今日的格鲁吉亚东部 达吉斯坦 阿塞拜疆和亚美尼亚 14 然而波斯的王权统治仍然在卡扎尔王朝时期得到重振 15 面对英国和俄国的压力而维持政治独立 惟外籍顾问在宫廷和军队中掌握较大权力 波斯亦成为英俄大博弈的一部分 两国还借由 英俄条约 划定了在波斯的势力范围 16 17 18 20世纪初 波斯各界不满卡扎尔王朝君主专制 而掀起波斯立宪革命 建立立宪议会 穆罕默德 阿里沙阿遭罢黜 而即位的艾哈邁德沙阿未能捍卫新生的立宪政治 在俄国干涉 英语 Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution 下叫停部分改革 其王权更是在第一次世界大战波斯战役期间一落千丈 这时波斯沦为英军 俄军和土军的角力场 最终 军人礼萨 巴列维发动政变推翻卡扎尔王室 开启巴列维王朝及波斯王國的统治 历代沙阿 编辑参见 卡扎尔王朝参考文献 编辑 Homa Katouzian State and Society in Iran The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis Published by I B Tauris 2006 pg 327 In post Islamic times the mother tongue of Iran s rulers was often Turkic but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language Homa Katouzian Iranian history and politics Published by Routledge 2003 pg 128 Indeed since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic speaking dynasties most of the time At the same time the official language was Persian the court literature was in Persian and most of the chancellors ministers and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability Iranica Online 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Turkic was also the mother tongue and to an extent the court language of the subsequent Afsharid and Qajar dynasties Abbas Amanat The Pivot of the Universe Nasir Al Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy 1831 1896 I B Tauris pp 2 3 Early Qajar Persia appeared to 2022 11 19 原始内容存档于2020 05 26 Abbas Amanat The Pivot of the Universe Nasir Al Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy 1831 1896 I B Tauris pp 2 3 In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al Din Shah the Qajars evolved from a shepherd warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty Choueiri Youssef M A companion to the history of the Middle East Blackwell Ltd 2005 231 516 Cyrus Ghani Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power I B Tauris 2000 ISBN 1 86064 629 8 p 1 William Bayne Fisher Cambridge History of Iran Cambridge University Press 1993 p 344 ISBN 0 521 20094 6 Dr Parviz Kambin A History of the Iranian Plateau Rise and Fall of an Empire Universe 2011 p 36 online edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 H Scheel Jaschke Gerhard H Braun Spuler Bertold T Koszinowski Bagley Frank Muslim World Brill Archive 1981 65 370 2012 09 28 ISBN 978 90 04 06196 5 Michael Axworthy 英语 Michael Axworthy Iran Empire of the Mind A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Penguin UK 6 November 2008 ISBN 0141903414 Fisher et al 1991 第330頁 Timothy C Dowling Russia at War From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan Chechnya and Beyond 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 pp 728 730 ABC CLIO 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484 Amanat 2017 第177頁 Deutschmann Moritz All Rulers are Brothers Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century Iranian Studies 2013 46 3 401 413 2022 11 19 ISSN 0021 0862 JSTOR 24482848 S2CID 143785614 doi 10 1080 00210862 2012 759334 原始内容存档于2022 05 19 Andreeva Elena Russia and Iran in the great game travelogues and Orientalism London Routledge 2007 20 63 76 2022 11 19 ISBN 978 0 203 96220 6 OCLC 166422396 原始内容存档于2023 01 24 引文格式1维护 日期与年 link ANGLO RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907 Encyclopedia Iranica 2021 08 22 原始内容存档于2011 04 29 美国英语 书目 编辑 Atabaki Touraj Iran and the First World War Battleground of the Great Powers I B Tauris 2006 ISBN 978 1860649646 Amanat Abbas Pivot of the Universe Nasir Al Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy 1831 1896 I B Tauris 1997 ISBN 9781860640971 Amanat Abbas Iran A Modern History Yale University Press 2017 1 992 ISBN 978 0300112542 Bournoutian George A The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire 1826 1832 The Wilson Center Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies 1980 Bosworth Edmund Hillenbrand Carole 编 Qajar Iran Political Social and Cultural Change 1800 1925 Edinburgh University Press 1983 ISBN 978 085 224 459 3 Bournoutian George A A Concise History of the Armenian People from Ancient Times to the Present 2 Mazda Publishers 2002 ISBN 978 1568591414 Caton M BANAN ḠOLAM ḤOSAYN Encyclopaedia Iranica 1988 2022 11 19 原始内容存档于2022 08 08 Dowling Timothy C Russia at War From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan Chechnya and Beyond 2 volumes ABC CLIO 2014 ISBN 978 1598849486 Fisher William Bayne Avery P Hambly G R G Melville C The Cambridge History of Iran 7 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1991 2022 11 19 ISBN 978 0521200950 原始内容存档于2023 01 13 Floor Willem M Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran 1800 1925 Mazda Publishers 2003 ISBN 978 156 859 147 6 Gleave Robert 编 Religion and Society in Qajar Iran Routledge 2005 ISBN 978 041 533 814 1 Hitchins Keith EREKLE II Encyclopaedia Iranica Encyclopaedia Iranica VIII Fasc 5 541 542 1998 2022 11 19 原始内容存档于2019 05 17 Holt P M Lambton Ann K S Lewis Bernard The Cambridge History of Islam Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1977 ISBN 978 0521291361 Keddie Nikki R Qajar Iran and the rise of Reza Khan 1796 1925 Mazda Publishers 1999 ISBN 978 156 859 084 4 Kettenhofen Erich Bournoutian George A Hewsen Robert H EREVAN Encyclopǣdia Iranica Vol VIII Fasc 5 542 551 1998 Kohn George C Dictionary of Wars Infobase Publishing 2006 ISBN 978 1438129167 Mikaberidze Alexander Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World A Historical Encyclopedia 1 ABC CLIO 2011 ISBN 978 1598843361 Mikaberidze Alexander Historical Dictionary of Georgia 2 Rowman amp Littlefield 2015 ISBN 978 1442241466 Gvosdev Nikolas K Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia 1760 1819 Macmillan Basingstoke 2000 ISBN 0 312 22990 9 Lang David M The last years of the Georgian Monarchy 1658 1832 Columbia University Press New York 1957 Paidar Parvin Women and the Political Process in Twentieth Century Iran Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1997 ISBN 9780521595728 Perry John The Zand dynasty The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 7 From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1991 63 104 ISBN 9780521200950 Suny Ronald Grigor The Making of the Georgian Nation Indiana University Press 1994 ISBN 978 0253209153 外部链接 编辑英文维基文库中的 1911年版大英百科全書 條目 Qajar dynastyThe Qajar Kadjar Pages The International Qajar Studies Association Dar ol Qajar Qajar Family Website 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Some Photos of Qajar Family Members Women s Worlds in Qajar Iran 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Digital Archive by Harvard University Qajar Documentation Fund Collection at the International Institute of Social History 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 伊朗崇高國 amp oldid 79931178, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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