维基百科
乍得语族
乍得语族(Chadic languages)是亞非語系（閃含語系）之下的語族之一，語言人口主要分布於中、西非的尼日利亞北部、尼日爾、乍得、中非共和國及喀麥隆。乍得語族大致上可以分為比烏-曼達拉語支、東乍得語支、西乍得語支和马萨Masa語支四個語支。
分支 编辑
- 比乌-曼达拉语支 (Biu-Mandara)
- Biu-Mandara A
- Biu-Mandara A.1
- Biu-Mandara Eastern A.1
- Boga (bvw)
- Ga'anda (gqa)
- Hwana (hwo)
- Biu-Mandara Western A.1
- Jara (jaf)
- 特拉语 Tera (ttr)
- Biu-Mandara Eastern A.1
- Biu-Mandara A.2
- Nggwahyi (ngx)
- Biu-Mandara A.2 1
- Bura-Pabir (bwr)
- Cibak (ckl)
- Kofa (kso)
- Putai (mfl)
- Biu-Mandara A.2 2
- Huba (hbb)
- 南马尔吉语 Marghi South (mfm)
- 中马尔吉语 Marghi Central (mrt)
- Biu-Mandara A.3
- Bana (bcw)
- Hya (hya)
- Kamwe (hig)
- Psikye (kvj)
- Biu-Mandara A.4
- Lamang
- Hdi (xed)
- Lamang (hia)
- Vemgo-Mabas (vem)
- 纯正曼达拉 Mandara Proper
- Glavda
- Cineni (cie)
- Dghwede (dgh)
- Glavda (glw)
- Guduf-Gava (gdf)
- Gvoko (ngs)
- 曼达拉语 Mandara
- Wandala (mfi)
- Podoko
- Parkwa (pbi)
- Glavda
- Lamang
- Biu-Mandara A.5
- Baldemu (bdn)
- Cuvok (cuv)
- Dugwor (dme)
- 北吉西加语 Giziga, North (gis)
- 南吉西加语 Giziga, South (giz)
- Mada (mxu)
- Mafa (maf)
- Matal (mfh)
- Mbuko (mqb)
- Mefele (mfj)
- Merey (meq)
- Mofu, North (mfk)
- Mofu-Gudur (mif)
- Moloko (mlw)
- Muyang (muy)
- Vame (mlr)
- Wuzlam (udl)
- Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
- Biu-Mandara A.6
- Sukur (syk)
- Biu-Mandara A.7
- Buwal (bhs)
- 达巴语 Daba (dbq)
- Gavar (gou)
- Mazagway (dkx)
- Mbedam (xmd)
- Mina (hna)
- Biu-Mandara A.8
- Bacama (bcy)
- 巴塔语 Bata (bta)
- Fali (fli)
- Gude (gde)
- Gudu (gdu)
- Holma (hod)
- Jimi (jim)
- Ngwaba (ngw)
- Nzanyi (nja)
- Sharwa (swq)
- Tsuvan (tsh)
- Zizilivakan (ziz)
- Biu-Mandara A.1
- Biu-Mandara B
- Biu-Mandara B.1
- Jilbe (jie)
- 布杜马语 Buduma
- 布杜马语 Buduma (bdm)
- Jina
- Jina (jia)
- Majera (xmj)
- 纯正科托科语 Kotoko Proper
- Afade (aal)
- Lagwan (kot)
- Malgbe (mxf)
- Maslam (msv)
- Mpade (mpi)
- Mser (kqx)
- Biu-Mandara B.2
- Mbara (mpk)
- Musgu (mug)
- Muskum (mje)
- Biu-Mandara B.1
- Biu-Mandara C
- Gidar (gid)
- Biu-Mandara A
- 东乍得语支 (East Chadic)
- East Chadic A
- East Chadic A.1
- Buso (bso)
- East Chadic A.1 1
- Mire (mvh)
- Ndam (ndm)
- Somrai (sor)
- Tumak (tmc)
- East Chadic A.1 2
- Boor (bvf)
- Gadang (gdk)
- Miltu (mlj)
- Sarua (swy)
- East Chadic A.2
- East Chadic A.2 1
- Kimré (kqp)
- Lele (lln)
- 南歇雷语 Nancere (nnc)
- East Chadic A.2 2
- Gabri (gab)
- Kabalai (kvf)
- Tobanga (tng)
- East Chadic A.2 1
- East Chadic A.3
- Kera (ker)
- Kwang (kvi)
- East Chadic A.1
- East Chadic B
- East Chadic B.1
- East Chadic B.1 1
- Bidiyo (bid)
- 丹加利特语 Dangaléat (daa)
- Jonkor Bourmataguil (jeu)
- Mabire (muj)
- Mawa (mcw)
- Migaama (mmy)
- Mogum (mou)
- Ubi (ubi)
- East Chadic B.1 2
- Birgit (btf)
- Kajakse (ckq)
- Masmaje (mes)
- 穆比语 Mubi (mub)
- Toram (trj)
- Zirenkel (zrn)
- East Chadic B.1 1
- East Chadic B.2
- Mukulu (moz)
- East Chadic B.3
- Barein (bva)
- Saba (saa)
- 索科罗语 Sokoro (sok)
- Tamki (tax)
- East Chadic B.1
- East Chadic A
- 马萨语支 Masa
- Herdé (hed)
- Marba (mpg)
- Masana (mcn)
- Mesme (zim)
- Musey (mse)
- Ngete (nnn)
- Pévé (lme)
- Zumaya (zuy)
- 西乍得语支 (West Chadic)
- Luri (ldd)
- West Chadic A
- Daza (dzd)
- West Chadic A.1
- West Chadic A.2
- Bole
- Bure (bvh)
- Bole Proper
- Beele (bxq)
- Bole (bol)
- Deno (dbb)
- Galambu (glo)
- Gera (gew)
- Geruma (gea)
- Giiwo (kks)
- Kholok (ktc)
- Kubi (kof)
- Maaka (mew)
- 恩加莫语 Ngamo (nbh)
- Nyam (nmi)
- 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare
- 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare (kai)
- 坦加勒 Tangale
- Dera
- Dera (kna)
- 纯正坦加勒 Tangale Proper
- Kushi (kuh)
- Kutto (kpa)
- Kwaami (ksq)
- Pero (pip)
- Piya-Kwonci (piy)
- 坦加勒语 Tangale (tan)
- Dera
- Bole
- West Chadic A.3
- 纯正安加斯 Angas Proper
- Angas Proper 1
- Cakfem-Mushere (cky)
- Jorto (jrt)
- Kofyar (kwl)
- Miship (mjs)
- Mwaghavul (sur)
- Ngas (anc)
- Angas Proper 2
- Goemai (ank)
- Koenoem (kcs)
- Montol (mtl)
- Pyapun (pcw)
- Tal (tal)
- Angas Proper 1
- Yiwom
- Yiwom (gek)
- 纯正安加斯 Angas Proper
- West Chadic A.4
- Fyer
- Fyer (fie)
- Tambas (tdk)
- 纯正罗恩 Ron Proper
- Duhwa (kbz)
- Kulere (kul)
- Mundat (mmf)
- 罗恩语 Ron (cla)
- Sha (scw)
- Fyer
- West Chadic B
- West Chadic B.1
- Auyokawa (auo)
- 纯正巴德 Bade Proper
- 巴德语 Bade (bde)
- 恩吉津语 Ngizim (ngi)
- Teshenawa (twc)
- Duwai
- Duwai (dbp)
- West Chadic B.2
- Ajawa (ajw)
- Ciwogai (tgd)
- Diri (dwa)
- Kariya (kil)
- Mburku (bbt)
- Miya (mkf)
- Pa'a (pqa)
- Siri (sir)
- Warji (wji)
- Zumbun (jmb)
- West Chadic B.3
- Dass (dot)
- Boghom
- Boghom (bux)
- Kir-Balar (kkr)
- Mangas (zns)
- Guruntum
- Guruntum-Mbaaru (grd)
- Ju (juu)
- Tala (tak)
- Zangwal (zah)
- West Chadic B.3 Eastern
- Jimi (jmi)
- Zaar Proper
- Geji (gji)
- Polci (plj)
- Saya (say)
- Zari (zaz)
- Zeem (zua)
- West Chadic B.1
參考文獻 编辑
- Ethnologue entry for Chadic languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349.
- Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42.
- Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
- Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
- Newman, Paul and Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Comparative Chadic: phonology and lexicon.' Journal of African Languages, 5, 218–251.
- Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.
外部連結 编辑
- Chadic Newsletter Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）