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维基百科

中美洲蹴球

十二月 28, 2023

中美洲蹴球（西班牙語：juego de pelota mesoamericano；納瓦特爾語：tlachtli o ōllamalīztli）(Mesoamerican ballgame)是一種發源於中美洲的球類活動，有超過三千年的歷史。現時一些地方的美洲原住民仍有進行這項運動。由於這運動的歷史悠久，它的詳細規則隨時間和地點而有所不同。一般而言，這運動是兩人或兩方對賽。

座落在奇琴伊察的蹴球場

中美洲蹴球所使用的球是硬膠質，而球場則是長形的。球場的兩邊築有高臺，使球不致飛出場外。有時在球場的兩端會立柱。

球員需以肘、腰及膝把球送過對方的石環。

蹴球場在中美洲各處都有設立。在一些地區，幾乎所有較大的遺址都有蹴球場，其他地區則可能少一些。現存最大的蹴球場長166米，寬68米。

意義 编辑

 
发现蹴球场的地区

蹴球除了是當地人（包括兒童）的休閒活動，也具有宗教意義。正式的比賽常被認為是天上的神明或地下世界的主宰之間的鬥爭，而球本身代表太陽。

在正式比賽中，落敗一方的領隊會被斬首或取出心臟以作活祭品，他的頭骨會被用作新球的球心。

關於比賽後的獻祭，另有一說法，即勝者獻祭：根據中美洲文明對於宗教的熱情，成為祭品被認為是神聖的，部份學者依照此點推測奉獻應該是屬於榮耀，所以獻祭應為勝利者。

但亦有地方如奇琴伊察，勝利一方或落敗一方的領隊被用作犧牲的说法同时存在。

蹴球是古代中美洲藝術的重要題材。很多中美洲古文明的雕刻、壁畫等均有關於蹴球的描述，大大方便了現代人對該活動的研究。

参考文献 编辑

  • Alegría, Ricardo E. The Ball Game Played by the Aborigines of the Antilles. American Antiquity（英语：American Antiquity） (Menasha, WI: Society for American Archaeology). 1951, 16 (4): 348–352. JSTOR 276984. OCLC 27201871. doi:10.2307/276984. 
  • Andrews, E. Wyllys. La Arqueología de Quelepa, El Salvador. San Salvador, El Salvador: Ministerio de Cultura y Comunicaciones. 1986 [1976] （西班牙语）. 
  • Blanchard, Kendall. The Anthropology of Sport Revised. Bergin & Garvey. 2005. ISBN 0-89789-329-8. 
  • Bradley, Douglas E.; Peter David Joralemon. The Lords of Life: The Iconography of Power and Fertility in Preclassic Mesoamerica exhibition catalogue, February 2 – April 5, 1992. Notre Dame, IN: Snite Museum of Art（英语：Snite Museum of Art）, University of Notre Dame. 1993. OCLC 29839104. 
  • Bradley, Douglas E. Life, Death and Duality: A Handbook of the Rev. Edmund P. Joyce, C.S.C. Collection of Ritual Ballgame Sculpture. Snite Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 1. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame. 1997. OCLC 39750624. 
  • Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo. Imágenes de la mitología maya. Museo Popol Vuh, Guatemala. 2011. 
  • Coe, Michael D.; Dean Snow; Elizabeth P. Benson（英语：Elizabeth P. Benson）. Atlas of Ancient America. New York: Facts on File. 1986. ISBN 0-8160-1199-0. OCLC 11518017. 
  • Day, Jane Stevenson. Performing on the Court. E. Michael Whittington (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英语：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 65–77. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. 
  • Diehl, Richard. The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Ancient peoples and places series. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-02119-8. OCLC 56746987. 
  • Ekholm, Susanna M. Ceramic Figurines and the Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 241–249. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
  • Filloy Nadal, Laura. Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica. E. Michael Whittington (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英语：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson（英语：Thames & Hudson）. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. 
  • Garza Camino, Mercedes de la; Ana Luisa Izquierdo. El Ullamaliztli en el Siglo XVI. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl. 1980, 14: 315–333. ISSN 0071-1675 （西班牙语）. 
  • Hill, Warren D.; Michael Blake; John E. Clark（英语：John E. Clark）. Ball court design dates back 3,400 years. Nature. 1998, 392 (6679): 878–879. doi:10.1038/31837. 
  • Kelly, Joyce. An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843. 
  • Kurjack, Edward B.; Ruben Maldonado C.; Merle Greene Robertson. Ballcourts of the Northern Maya Lowlands. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
  • Leyenaar, Ted. The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa: a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli. E. Michael Whittington (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英语：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson（英语：Thames & Hudson）. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. *Motolinia, Toribio de Benavente. Memoriales. Paris. 1903. 
  • Noble, John. Mexico. Lonely Planet. 2006. ISBN 1-74059-744-3. 
  • Orr, Heather. Ballgames: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Lindsay Jones (编). Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Vol. 2. 2005: 749–752. 
  • Ortíz C., Ponciano; María del Carmen Rodríguez; Alfredo Delgado. Las ofrendas de El Manatí y su posible asociación con el juego de pelota: un yugo a destiempo. María Teresa Uriarte (ed.) (编). El juego de pelota en Mesoamérica: raíces y supervivencia. México D.F.: SigloXXI Editores and Casa de Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa. 1992: 55–67. ISBN 968-23-1837-8 （西班牙语）. 
  • Ortíz C., Ponciano; María del Carmen Rodríguez. (PDF). David C. Grove（英语：David C. Grove） and Rosemary A. Joyce（英语：Rosemary A. Joyce） (eds.) (编). Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1993 (PDF online reproduction) Dumbarton Oaks etexts. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1999: 225–254 [2007-06-08]. ISBN 0-88402-252-8. OCLC 39229716. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-02-21）. 
  • Quirarte, Jacinto. The Ballcourt in Mesoamerica: Its Architectural Development. Alan Cordy-Collins; Jean Stern (编). Pre-Columbian Art History. Palo Alto, California: Peek Publications. 1977: 191–212. ISBN 0-917962-41-9. 
  • Santley, Robert M.; Berman, Michael J.; Alexander, Rami T. The Politicization of the Mesoamerican Ballgame and Its Implications for the Interpretation of the Distribution of Ballcourts in Central Mexico. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
  • Schuster, Angela M. H. Newsbriefs: Mesoamerica's Oldest Ballcourt. Archaeology. July–August 1998, 41 (4) [2007-06-08]. ISSN 0003-8113. （原始内容于2007-12-01）. 
  • Schele, Linda; Miller, Mary Ellen. The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimball Art Museum. 1986. 
  • Schwartz, Jeremy. Indigenous groups keep ancient sports alive in Mexico. Austin American-Statesman（英语：Austin American-Statesman）. [20 December 2008]. [失效連結]
  • Scott, John F. Dressed to Kill: Stone Regalia of the Mesoamerican Ballgame. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英语：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 51–63. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. 
  • Shelton, Anthony A. The Aztec Theatre State and the Dramatization of War. Tim Cornell; Thomas B. Allen (编). War and Games. New York: Boydell Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-85115-870-9. 
  • Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 2003. 
  • Taladoire, Eric; Benoit Colsenet. 'Bois Ton Sang, Beaumanior':The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
  • Taladoire, Eric. The Architectural Background of the Pre-Hispanic Ballgame. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英语：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. 
  • Taladoire, Eric. Could We Speak of the Super Bowl at Flushing Meadows?: La Pelota Mixteca, a Third Pre-Hispanic Ballgame, and its Possible Architectural Context. Ancient Mesoamerica. 4 March 2004, 14 (02): 319–342 [2019-01-28]. doi:10.1017/S0956536103132142. （原始内容于2016-03-03）. 
  • Velázquez, Primo Feliciano (translator). Códice Chimalpopoca: Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles. Mexico: UNAM. 1975. 
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延伸阅读 编辑

Berdan, Frances F. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. ISBN 0-534-62728-5. OCLC 55880584. 
California State University, Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, "Proyecto Ulama 2003"（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, accessed October 2007.
Carrasco, David; Scott Sessions. Daily Life of the Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" series ISSN 1080-4749. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. ISBN 0-313-29558-1. OCLC 37552549. 
Christenson, Allen J. Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality. University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3839-8. 
Colas, Pierre; Alexander Voss. A Game of Life and Death – The Maya Ball Game. Nikolai Grube（英语：Nikolai Grube） (ed.) (编). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2006: 186–191. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. 
Espinoza, Mauricio. . Istmo. 2002, 4 [2019-01-28]. ISSN 1535-2315. （原始内容存档于2007-05-24） （西班牙语）. 
Foster, Lynn V. Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Facts On File. 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4148-2. 
Hosler, Dorothy; Sandra Burkett; Michael Tarkanian. Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica. Science. 1999-06-18, 284 (5422): 1988–1991. PMID 10373117. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988. 
McKillop, Heather I. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-697-0. OCLC 56558696. 
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Recent Acquisitions, A selection 2001–2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2002, LX (2). ISSN 0026-1521. 
Miller, Mary Ellen. The Maya Ballgame: Rebirth in the Court of Life and Death. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英语：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson（英语：Thames & Hudson）. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. 
Miller, Mary Ellen; Simon Martin. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson（英语：Thames & Hudson）. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05129-1. OCLC 54799516. 
Wilcox, David R. The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press（英语：University of Arizona Press）. 1991: 101–125. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
Zender, Mark. (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2004, IV (4) [2019-01-28]. ISSN 0003-8113. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-10）. 

外部链接 编辑

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：中美洲蹴球
  • The First Basketball: The Mesoamerican ballgame（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） NBA Hoops Online
  • A figurine showing ballplayer gear（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

十二月 28, 2023
中美洲蹴球, 此條目没有列出任何参考或来源, 2012年5月12日, 維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證, 请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目, 无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除, 西班牙語, juego, pelota, mesoamericano, 納瓦特爾語, tlachtli, ōllamalīztli, mesoamerican, ballgame, 是一種發源於中美洲的球類活動, 有超過三千年的歷史, 現時一些地方的美洲原住民仍有進行這項運動, 由於這運動的歷史悠久, 它的詳細規則隨時間和地點而有所. 此條目没有列出任何参考或来源 2012年5月12日 維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證 请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目 无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除 中美洲蹴球 西班牙語 juego de pelota mesoamericano 納瓦特爾語 tlachtli o ōllamaliztli Mesoamerican ballgame 是一種發源於中美洲的球類活動 有超過三千年的歷史 現時一些地方的美洲原住民仍有進行這項運動 由於這運動的歷史悠久 它的詳細規則隨時間和地點而有所不同 一般而言 這運動是兩人或兩方對賽 座落在奇琴伊察的蹴球場中美洲蹴球所使用的球是硬膠質 而球場則是長形的 球場的兩邊築有高臺 使球不致飛出場外 有時在球場的兩端會立柱 球員需以肘 腰及膝把球送過對方的石環 蹴球場在中美洲各處都有設立 在一些地區 幾乎所有較大的遺址都有蹴球場 其他地區則可能少一些 現存最大的蹴球場長166米 寬68米 目录 1 意義 2 参考文献 3 延伸阅读 4 外部链接意義 编辑 nbsp 发现蹴球场的地区蹴球除了是當地人 包括兒童 的休閒活動 也具有宗教意義 正式的比賽常被認為是天上的神明或地下世界的主宰之間的鬥爭 而球本身代表太陽 在正式比賽中 落敗一方的領隊會被斬首或取出心臟以作活祭品 他的頭骨會被用作新球的球心 關於比賽後的獻祭 另有一說法 即勝者獻祭 根據中美洲文明對於宗教的熱情 成為祭品被認為是神聖的 部份學者依照此點推測奉獻應該是屬於榮耀 所以獻祭應為勝利者 但亦有地方如奇琴伊察 勝利一方或落敗一方的領隊被用作犧牲的说法同时存在 蹴球是古代中美洲藝術的重要題材 很多中美洲古文明的雕刻 壁畫等均有關於蹴球的描述 大大方便了現代人對該活動的研究 参考文献 编辑Alegria Ricardo E The Ball Game Played by the Aborigines of the Antilles American Antiquity 英语 American Antiquity Menasha WI Society for American Archaeology 1951 16 4 348 352 JSTOR 276984 OCLC 27201871 doi 10 2307 276984 Andrews E Wyllys La Arqueologia de Quelepa El Salvador San Salvador El Salvador Ministerio de Cultura y Comunicaciones 1986 1976 西班牙语 Blanchard Kendall The Anthropology of Sport Revised Bergin amp Garvey 2005 ISBN 0 89789 329 8 Bradley Douglas E Peter David Joralemon The Lords of Life The Iconography of Power and Fertility in Preclassic Mesoamerica exhibition catalogue February 2 April 5 1992 Notre Dame IN Snite Museum of Art 英语 Snite Museum of Art University of Notre Dame 1993 OCLC 29839104 Bradley Douglas E Life Death and Duality A Handbook of the Rev Edmund P Joyce C S C Collection of Ritual Ballgame Sculpture Snite Museum of Art Bulletin Vol 1 Notre Dame IN University of Notre Dame 1997 OCLC 39750624 Chinchilla Mazariegos Oswaldo Imagenes de la mitologia maya Museo Popol Vuh Guatemala 2011 Coe Michael D Dean Snow Elizabeth P Benson 英语 Elizabeth P Benson Atlas of Ancient America New York Facts on File 1986 ISBN 0 8160 1199 0 OCLC 11518017 Day Jane Stevenson Performing on the Court E Michael Whittington 编 The Sport of Life and Death The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art 英语 Mint Museum of Art Charlotte NC New York Thames amp Hudson 2001 65 77 ISBN 0 500 05108 9 OCLC 49029226 Diehl Richard The Olmecs America s First Civilization Ancient peoples and places series London Thames amp Hudson 2004 ISBN 0 500 02119 8 OCLC 56746987 Ekholm Susanna M Ceramic Figurines and the Mesoamerican Ballgame Vernon Scarborough David R Wilcox 编 The Mesoamerican Ballgame Tucson University of Arizona Press 1991 241 249 ISBN 0 8165 1180 2 OCLC 22765562 Filloy Nadal Laura Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica E Michael Whittington 编 The Sport of Life and Death The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art 英语 Mint Museum of Art Charlotte NC New York Thames amp Hudson 英语 Thames amp Hudson 2001 20 31 ISBN 0 500 05108 9 OCLC 49029226 Garza Camino Mercedes de la Ana Luisa Izquierdo El Ullamaliztli en el Siglo XVI Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 1980 14 315 333 ISSN 0071 1675 西班牙语 Hill Warren D Michael Blake John E Clark 英语 John E Clark Ball court design dates back 3 400 years Nature 1998 392 6679 878 879 doi 10 1038 31837 Kelly Joyce An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America Belize Guatemala Honduras and El Salvador Norman University of Oklahoma Press 1996 ISBN 0 8061 2858 5 OCLC 34658843 Kurjack Edward B Ruben Maldonado C Merle Greene Robertson Ballcourts of the Northern Maya Lowlands Vernon Scarborough David R Wilcox 编 The Mesoamerican Ballgame Tucson University of Arizona Press 1991 ISBN 0 8165 1180 2 OCLC 22765562 Leyenaar Ted The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli E Michael Whittington 编 The Sport of Life and Death The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art 英语 Mint Museum of Art Charlotte NC New York Thames amp Hudson 英语 Thames amp Hudson 2001 97 115 ISBN 0 500 05108 9 OCLC 49029226 Motolinia Toribio de Benavente Memoriales Paris 1903 Noble John Mexico Lonely Planet 2006 ISBN 1 74059 744 3 Orr Heather Ballgames The Mesoamerican Ballgame Lindsay Jones 编 Encyclopedia of Religion Detroit Macmillan Reference Vol 2 2005 749 752 Ortiz C Ponciano Maria del Carmen Rodriguez Alfredo Delgado Las ofrendas de El Manati y su posible asociacion con el juego de pelota un yugo a destiempo Maria Teresa Uriarte ed 编 El juego de pelota en Mesoamerica raices y supervivencia Mexico D F SigloXXI Editores and Casa de Cultura Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa 1992 55 67 ISBN 968 23 1837 8 西班牙语 Ortiz C Ponciano Maria del Carmen Rodriguez Olmec Ritual Behavior at El Manati A Sacred Space PDF David C Grove 英语 David C Grove and Rosemary A Joyce 英语 Rosemary A Joyce eds 编 Social Patterns in Pre Classic Mesoamerica a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 9 and 10 October 1993 PDF online reproduction 使用 format 需要含有 url 帮助 Dumbarton Oaks etexts Washington D C Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 1999 225 254 2007 06 08 ISBN 0 88402 252 8 OCLC 39229716 原始内容 PDF 存档于2007 02 21 Quirarte Jacinto The Ballcourt in Mesoamerica Its Architectural Development Alan Cordy Collins Jean Stern 编 Pre Columbian Art History Palo Alto California Peek Publications 1977 191 212 ISBN 0 917962 41 9 Santley Robert M Berman Michael J Alexander Rami T The Politicization of the Mesoamerican Ballgame and Its Implications for the Interpretation of the Distribution of Ballcourts in Central Mexico Vernon Scarborough David R Wilcox 编 The Mesoamerican Ballgame Tucson University of Arizona Press 1991 ISBN 0 8165 1180 2 OCLC 22765562 Schuster Angela M H Newsbriefs Mesoamerica s Oldest Ballcourt Archaeology July August 1998 41 4 2007 06 08 ISSN 0003 8113 原始内容存档于2007 12 01 Schele Linda Miller Mary Ellen The Blood of Kings Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art Fort Worth Texas Kimball Art Museum 1986 Schwartz Jeremy Indigenous groups keep ancient sports alive in Mexico Austin American Statesman 英语 Austin American Statesman 20 December 2008 失效連結 Scott John F Dressed to Kill Stone Regalia of the Mesoamerican Ballgame The Sport of Life and Death The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art 英语 Mint Museum of Art Charlotte NC New York Thames amp Hudson 2001 51 63 ISBN 0 500 05108 9 Shelton Anthony A The Aztec Theatre State and the Dramatization of War Tim Cornell Thomas B Allen 编 War and Games New York Boydell Press 2003 ISBN 978 0 85115 870 9 Smith Michael E The Aztecs Oxford Blackwell Publishers 2003 Taladoire Eric Benoit Colsenet Bois Ton Sang Beaumanior The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area Vernon Scarborough David R Wilcox 编 The Mesoamerican Ballgame Tucson University of Arizona Press 1991 ISBN 0 8165 1180 2 OCLC 22765562 Taladoire Eric The Architectural Background of the Pre Hispanic Ballgame The Sport of Life and Death The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art 英语 Mint Museum of Art Charlotte NC New York Thames amp Hudson 2001 97 115 ISBN 0 500 05108 9 OCLC 49029226 Taladoire Eric Could We Speak of the Super Bowl at Flushing Meadows La Pelota Mixteca a Third Pre Hispanic Ballgame and its Possible Architectural Context Ancient Mesoamerica 4 March 2004 14 02 319 342 2019 01 28 doi 10 1017 S0956536103132142 原始内容存档于2016 03 03 Velazquez Primo Feliciano translator Codice Chimalpopoca Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles Mexico UNAM 1975 Wilkerson S Jeffrey K Then They Were Sacrificed The Ritual Ballgame of Northeastern Mesoamerica Through Time and Space Vernon Scarborough David R Wilcox 编 The Mesoamerican Ballgame Tucson University of Arizona Press 1991 ISBN 0 8165 1180 2 OCLC 22765562 延伸阅读 编辑Berdan Frances F The Aztecs of Central Mexico An Imperial Society Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology 2nd Belmont CA Thomson Wadsworth 2005 ISBN 0 534 62728 5 OCLC 55880584 California State University Los Angeles Department of Anthropology Proyecto Ulama 2003 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 accessed October 2007 Carrasco David Scott Sessions Daily Life of the Aztecs People of the Sun and Earth The Greenwood Press Daily Life Through History series ISSN 1080 4749 Westport CT Greenwood Press 1998 ISBN 0 313 29558 1 OCLC 37552549 Christenson Allen J Popol Vuh The Sacred Book of the Maya The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality University of Oklahoma Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 8061 3839 8 Colas Pierre Alexander Voss A Game of Life and Death The Maya Ball Game Nikolai Grube 英语 Nikolai Grube ed 编 Maya Divine Kings of the Rain Forest Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel assistant eds Cologne Germany Konemann 2006 186 191 ISBN 3 8331 1957 8 OCLC 71165439 Espinoza Mauricio El Corazon del Juego El Juego de Pelota Mesoamericano como Texto Cultural en la Narrativa y el Cine Contemporaneo Istmo 2002 4 2019 01 28 ISSN 1535 2315 原始内容存档于2007 05 24 西班牙语 Foster Lynn V Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World Facts on File Library of World History New York Facts On File 2002 ISBN 0 8160 4148 2 Hosler Dorothy Sandra Burkett Michael Tarkanian Prehistoric Polymers Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica Science 1999 06 18 284 5422 1988 1991 PMID 10373117 doi 10 1126 science 284 5422 1988 McKillop Heather I The Ancient Maya New Perspectives Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO 2004 ISBN 1 57607 697 0 OCLC 56558696 Metropolitan Museum of Art Recent Acquisitions A selection 2001 2002 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 2002 LX 2 ISSN 0026 1521 Miller Mary Ellen The Maya Ballgame Rebirth in the Court of Life and Death The Sport of Life and Death The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art 英语 Mint Museum of Art Charlotte NC New York Thames amp Hudson 英语 Thames amp Hudson 2001 20 31 ISBN 0 500 05108 9 OCLC 49029226 Miller Mary Ellen Simon Martin Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya London Thames amp Hudson 英语 Thames amp Hudson 2004 ISBN 0 500 05129 1 OCLC 54799516 Wilcox David R The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest Vernon Scarborough David R Wilcox 编 The Mesoamerican Ballgame Tucson University of Arizona Press 英语 University of Arizona Press 1991 101 125 ISBN 0 8165 1180 2 OCLC 22765562 Zender Mark Glyphs for Handspan and Strike in Classic Maya Ballgame Texts PDF The PARI Journal 2004 IV 4 2019 01 28 ISSN 0003 8113 原始内容 PDF 存档于2008 09 10 外部链接 编辑维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源 中美洲蹴球The First Basketball The Mesoamerican ballgame 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 NBA Hoops Online A figurine showing ballplayer gear 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 中美洲蹴球 amp 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